Diversity of Animals

Question 1

Anamalia

Answer 1

basic group of living things comprising of multicellular animals

Question 2

Monophyletic

Answer 2

evolved from one common ancestor

Question 3

Taxa

Answer 3

different species of animals

Question 4

Phyla

Answer 4

major groups of animals (35 in animalia)

Question 5

Clades

Answer 5

the first monophyletic division of animals

Question 6

Choanoflagellates

Answer 6

extant (still living) closest relatives of animals

Question 7

Motile

Answer 7

having movement at some point in their life

Question 8

Cell junctions

Answer 8

specialized protein structures that keep cells intact

Question 9

Extracellular matrix

Answer 9

suspension of macromolecules that support the structure of cells/ determine tissue development

Question 10

Anchoring cell junctions

Answer 10

anchored to adjacent cells while also being attached to the ECM, provide stability & rigidity

Question 11

Tight cell junctions

Answer 11

tighter than anchoring cell junctions, regulates what passes between cells

Question 12

Gap cell junctions

Answer 12

bridge the cytoplasm of 2 cells directly, responsible for communication ** don’t cross the cell membrane

Question 13

Zygote cleavage

Answer 13

division of cells in the early embryo; follows fertilization

Question 14

morula

Answer 14

a compact mass of blastomere cells

Question 15

Blastula (Blastocoel)

Answer 15

a hollow sphere of single layer cells

Question 16

Protosomes

Answer 16

organisms where the blastopore forms into the mouth first; anus forms later

Question 17

cleavage

Answer 17

one of the fundamental developmental distinctions between protostomes and deuterostomes

Question 18

animal pole

Answer 18

the top pole of a zygote

Question 19

vegetal pole

Answer 19

the bottom pole of a zygote

Question 20

Spiral Cleavage

Answer 20

cells lie between other cells at an angle filling in gaps beneath each other

Question 21

Determinant cells

Answer 21

cells with a fate

Question 22

Coelom

Answer 22

a fluid filled cavity between the guts & body wall formed within the mesoderm of the embryo

Question 23

Schoizocoelom

Answer 23

present in the protostomes. The body cavity or coelom originates from the splitting of the mesoderm. One part attaches to ectoderm and the other surrounds the endoderm

Question 24

Deuterosomes

Answer 24

organisms where the blastopore forms into the anus; mouth forms later

Question 25

Radial Cleavage

Answer 25

cells lie directly above and below each other

Question 26

Non-determinant cells

Answer 26

fate of the first cells are unknown

Question 27

Enterocoelom

Answer 27

present in the deuterostomes. The coelom is formed from the fusion of the internal outgrowths of the archenteron, that pinches off and fuses together to form coelom lined by mesoderm

Question 28

Gastrulation

Answer 28

development of the digestive system; the blastula invaginates itself and forms a cavity that becomes the endoderm

Question 29

Ectoderm

Answer 29

outermost layer of the gastrula; gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system

Question 30

Mesoderm

Answer 30

middle layer of the gastrula; forms connective tissues, muscles and the skeleton **only present in triploblastic animals

Question 31

Endoderm

Answer 31

innermost layer of the gastrula that forms the digestive tract

Question 32

diploid zygote

Answer 32

formed when gametes fuse during fertilization

Question 33

haploid gametes

Answer 33

formed when germ line cells undergo meiosis

Question 34

Fragmentation

Answer 34

asexual reproduction in echinoderms

Question 35

Parthenogenesis

Answer 35

asexual reproduction in insects

Question 36

Budding

Answer 36

asexual reproduction in hydra

Question 37

Radial Symmetry

Answer 37

divided equally on any longitudinal plane through the central axis

Question 38

Bilateral Symmetry

Answer 38

creates 2 identical halves

Question 39

Cephalization

Answer 39

specialized head with feeding & sensory organs

Question 40

Segmentation

Answer 40

repeated structures long posterior and anterior axis (two identical halves)

Question 41

Coelomate/Euceolomate

Answer 41

body cavity surrounded by the mesoderm

Question 42

Acoelomate

Answer 42

diploblastic animals with no body cavity (flatworms)

Question 43

Pseudocoelomate

Answer 43

no coelom is present and no mesoderm is seen around the gut (roundworms)

Question 44

Dorsal plane

Answer 44

top

Question 45

Ventral Plane

Answer 45

bottom

Question 46

Anterior

Answer 46

front

Question 47

Posterior

Answer 47

back end