Diversity of Eukaryotes

Question 1

Evidence for the common origin of all cells

Answer 1

Hypothesis A: autogenic origin of all organelles by step-wise mutations

Hypothesis B: FECA is the result of an endosymbiosis event and further organelles were acquired by endocytosis

Question 2

Brown algae is plants (T or F)

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Molecular sequence data and metagenomics as basis for modern classification (T or F)

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Slime moulds (Mycetozoa) and Oomycota are not fungi

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Examples of Ciliates

Answer 5

Paramecium, Stentor, Vorticella, and TETRAHYMENA

Question 6

Examples of flagellates

Answer 6

Trypanosoma, Volvox, Chlamydomonas, and Euglena

Question 7

conceptual differences between LUCA, FECA and LECA

Answer 7

LUCA: last universal common ancestor

FECA: first eukaryotic common ancestor

LECA: last eukaryotic common ancestor

Question 8

Messenger RNA is being translated into protein in the nucleus (T OR F)

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What is the equivalent to our digestive system at the cellular level?

Answer 9

Endomembrane system

Question 10

Which eukaryotic organelles are related to each other?

Answer 10

Flagellum, Basal Bodies, and centrioles

Question 11

which cellular function directly involves the Golgi complex?

Answer 11

Protein Trafficking

Question 12

Which protein is the subunits of microfilaments are composed of?

Answer 12

Actin

Question 13

What is the typical microtubule pattern of a basal body?

Answer 13

9x3

Question 14

What is not a function of the ER?

Answer 14

protein sulfation

Question 15

Which pH do you not expect to find out inside lysosomes?

Answer 15

5.0

Question 16

Which organelles does the cis-side of the Golgi communication system the via vesicle trafficking?

Answer 16

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 17

What provides the energy for nuclear uptake of proteins?

Answer 17

a RanGTP gradient

Question 18

How are vesicle contents (cargo) packed into specific vesicles in the cell?

Answer 18

Vesicles form at sites of cargo productions outside of the nucleus. Gene transcription takes place inside the nucleus. Cargo molecules are recognised by specific receptors and packed into vesicles. The vesicles form around packed cargo. The cytoskeleton transports those vesicles, but does not play any role in cargo selection.

Question 19

in which export pathway from the Golgi apparatus are products stored before release?

Answer 19

regulated secretion pathway

Question 20

what is the term for uptake of fluids by cells?

Answer 20

pinocytosis

Question 21

What is the reason that the inner membrane of mitochondria is folded into cristae?

Answer 21

The folding of the inner mitochondria membrane into cristae allows the surface area for electron transport systems and hydrogen ion pumps to be maximised

Question 22

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 22

1. to provide the cell with stability
2. to support internal membrane-bound organelles
3. to transport vesicles around the cell
4. to support cell movements
5. to signal between cells

Question 23

First, the gene sequence is being read from the blank 1 and transcribed into blank 2. Next, the blank 3 is being exported from the blank 4 and blank 5 are being translated from the blank 6 at the blank 7

Answer 23

Blank 1 - DNA
Blank 2 - mRNA
Blank 3 - mRNA
Blank 4 - nucleus
Blank 5 - polypeptides
Blank 6 - mRNA
Blank 7 - ribosome

Question 24

What is the function of peroxisomes?

Answer 24

oxygen reduction

Question 25

In which cellular organelle(s) does gene transcription take place?

Answer 25

Nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

Question 26

What cytoskeleton elements has the largest diameter?

Answer 26

tubulin

Question 27

What is not a typical for eukaryotic cells?

Answer 27

sex pili

Question 28

What is the purpose of the mitochondrial electron tram chain

Answer 28

creating a proton gradient which can be used to generate ATP

Question 29

Why is the endoplasmic reticulum a network of membrane tubules and cisterns?

Answer 29

The ER is a network to reach all parts of the cell in order to keep transport pathways short. Transport is energy intensive. A large surface also increases the number of ribosomes that can be bound and participate in protein synthesis

Question 30

What cellular function occurs in the nucleolus?

Answer 30

transcription of rRNA genes

Question 31

why does the endoplasmic reticulum not correspond dirac with the outside of the cell?

Answer 31

because of the presence of the “Golgi lock”

Question 32

which reaction takes place in hydrogenosomes

Answer 32

anaerobic production of ATP from pryuvate

Question 33

The Golgi stacks have a specific orientation? T or F

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Which process is common between mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Answer 34

The use of oxygen and NAD(P) differs between mitochondria and chloroplasts, but both are creating and storing a proton gradient to create energy equivalents

Question 35

The DNA coding sequence is transcribed into RNA in the nucleus. T or F

Answer 35

True

Question 36

The eukaryotic cell possess specific transport mechanisms for proteins and RNAs. But how is DNA transported ?

Answer 36

nobody really knows