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Diversity of Life Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms

A

plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, bacteria

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2
Q

What is taxonomy

A

The branch of science that deals with the classification of living things

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3
Q

What is Binomial nomenclature

A

the system of naming in which 2 Latin words identify every organism

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4
Q

What do the two parts of a name using binomial nomenclature mean

A

first part is the genus of an organism, second part is the species name

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5
Q

what is the order of classification

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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6
Q

What can looking at the classification of an organism tell you

A

How closely the organisms are related

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7
Q

What is a dichotomous key

A

helps you identify a specimen when you don’t know what it is

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8
Q

what does dichotomous mean

A

means 2 choices because the key gives you 2 descriptions at a time, choose the one that fits to help identify an object

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9
Q

What kingdoms are comprised of prokaryotic cells

A

bacteria and archaea

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10
Q

What kingdoms are comprised of eukaryotic cells

A

protists, fungi, plants, animals

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11
Q

What is a prokaryote

A

smaller, unicellular, no nucleus (single cellular DNA loop), no organelles bound by membranes, binary fission (may have exchange of genes through conjugation), many are anaerobic

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12
Q

What is a eukaryote

A

larger, usually multicellular, has a nucleus containing multiple chromosomes, multiple chromosomes, has membrane-bound organelles, sexual and asexual through mitosis or meiosis, most are aerobic

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13
Q

Characteristics of bacteria

A

all single-celled organisms, prokaryotic cells, have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan

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14
Q

What is peptidoglycan

A

a mat of sugar molecules woven together with proteins

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15
Q

How are bacteria classified

A

classified into 30 phyla based on shape, configuration, structure of their cell walls, their source of energy

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16
Q

What are the main shapes of bacteria

A

cocci, bacilli, spirilli

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17
Q

What is the advantage of the cocci shape in bacteria

A

more resistant to drying than bacilli

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18
Q

What is the advantage of the bacilli shape in bacteria

A

more surface area for nutrient absorption

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19
Q

What is the advantage of the spirilli shape in bacteria

A

provides less resistance to movement

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20
Q

What are the prefixes to classify bacteria by configuration

A

mono: singly
diplo/di: pairs
strepto: chains
staphylo: clumps

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21
Q

What does aerobic mean

A

requires oxygen in order to perform cellular respiration to get energy

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22
Q

What does anaerobic mean

A

do not require oxygen, some actually die in the presence of oxygen

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23
Q

How do bacteria obtain energy without oxygen

A

Fermentation. The products of fermentation are usually alcohol and carbon dioxide.

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24
Q

What organic compounds can different groups of bacteria produce

A

ethyl alcohol, lactic acid, acetone, acetic acid, and methane

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25
What is an autotroph
make their own food (either by photosynthetic or chemosynthetic)
26
what is a heterotroph
need to eat since they cannot make their own food
27
What does Gram-positive mean
stain purple due to a thick protein layer in their cell walls
28
What does Gram-negative mean
stain pink due to a thin layer of protein in their cell walls
29
How are archaea and bacteria similar
common forms are rods and spheres, both groups have members that form aggregations, reproduce using binary fission and can also undergo conjugation.
30
Can archaea produce endospores
no, but bacteria can
31
what are endospheres
hard-walled structures that protect the bacteria from extremely high/low temperatures, drying, radiation, toxins, etc.
32
what is one of the major differences between archaea and bacteria
archaea can live in very extreme environments, they are extremophiles
33
What are the types of archaea based on the extreme environments they can live in
Thermophiles, acidophiles, halophiles
34
What are thermophiles
found in environments that have temperatures over 100C such as deep sea vents and hot springs
35
what are acidophiles
lives in habitats that usually have a pH of less than 3, acidic environments are often caused by sulfur from geothermal activity, ex. volcanic crater lakes, mine drainage lakes
36
what are halophiles
live in salt concentrations over 20% (some, like the Dead Sea at ~35%, have much higher concentrations)
37
What is the only organelle in a prokaryotic cell
Ribosomes because they don't have membranes around them
38
What is conjugation
A process in which there is a transfer of genetic material involving 2 cells. This process produces cells with new genetic combinations, and thereby provides a chance that some may be better adapted to changing conditions.
39
What is a plasmid
small, circular loop of DNA in a bacteria cell
40
Characteristics of protists
eukaryotes, most are single celled (a few plant-like protists are multicellular), most live in aquatic environments,
41
types of protists
plant-like, animal-like, fungi-like
42
characteristics of plant-like protists
photosynthetic and contain chlorophyll, aquatic, may be single celled (like euglena) or multicellular (like algae)
43
characteristics of animal-like protists
are heterotrophic, single celled, further classified by type of locomotion
44
types of locomotion for animal-like protists
pseudopods, flagella, cillia, spores
45
characteristics of fungi-like protists
often called slime moulds, heterotrophic, prefer cool and shady and moist places, may be parasitic or saprophytic (eat dead stuff)
46
what is the endosymbiotic theory
the mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells were once aerobic bacteria (prokaryote) that were ingested by a large anaerobic bacteria (prokaryote).
47
what are evidence that support the endosymbiotic theory
the DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the way the organelles reproduce, and the internal structure and biochemistry of the organelles
48
characteristics of fungi
heterotrophs, incapable of their own locomotion (non-motile), have cell walls made of chitin, most are multicellular (a few, like yeast, are single celled)
49
How do fungi feed
they absorb nutrients from the environment around them
50
how do fungi digest
release digestive enzymes into their surroundings, then absorb the digested nutrients into their cells
51
what is hyphae
a multicellular, thread-like filament that makes up the basic structural unit of a fungus
52
what is mycelium
a complex, net-like mass made of branching hyphae
53
what is the fruiting body
the spore-producing reproductive structure in fungi
54
what is fragmentation
a piece of mycelium breaks and forms a new individual
55
what is a spore
microscopic biological particles that allow fungi to be reproduced
56
4 ways that fungi can be grouped according to how they obtain nutrition
parasitic, predatory, mutualistic, saprobial
57
how do parasitic fungi obtain nutrients
absorb nutrients from the living cells of a host organism
58
how do predatory fungi obtain nutrients
soil fungi, whose mycelia have specialized structures for trapping prey
59
how do mutualistic fungi obtain nutrients
have partnerships with other organisms, mycelia cover the roots of a plant, mycelia increase absorptive surface of the pant roots, allowing the plant to take more nutrients, fungus receives sugar from the plant
60
how do saprobial fungi obtain their nutrients
feeds on dead organisms or organic wastes
61
characteristics of plants
eukaryotes, multicellular, lack mobility, have cell walls made of cellulose, photosynthetic autotrophs, have tissue and organ development (sometimes complex)
62
What are the challenges of early plants
organisms had to transport nutrients rather than relying on water to "bathe" their cells to acquire nutrients through diffusion, had to develop a method of reproduction that did not depend on water, limiting water loss (there is a greater evaporation rate on land)
63
What is the order of the plant kingdom
vascular plants, seeded, angiosperms, dicot/monocot
64
what is a vascular plant
has transport tubes (ex. veins) ex. maple tree
65
what is a non-vascular plant
no transport tubes, ex. mosses, hornworts, liverworts
66
example of seedless plant
ex. ferns (uses spores), horsetails
67
what is a gymnosperm
"naked" seeds, has cones, ex. pine cones
68
what is an angiosperm
enclosed or covered seeds, has flowers
69
what is a monocot
one cotyledon, parallel veins, ex. corn
70
what is a dicot
two cotyledon, branching veins, ex. bean, peanut
71
what is photosynthesis
the process of using energy from the sun to create food for the organism
72
what kingdoms undergo photosynthesis
all plants, some bacteria and protists
73
4 main organs in plants
roots, stems, leaves, flowers
74
where does photosynthesis occur in plants
leaves and stems
75
what is the process of photosynthesis
using light to change carbon dioxide into sugar for the plants, oxygen is given off as waste in this process
76
what is the equation for photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2
77
What 2 main stages can photosynthesis be divided into
The Light Reaction, and the Calvin Cycle
78
where does the light reaction occur
in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. these membranes contain several pigments, the most important being chlorophyll.
79
what are photosystems in the light reaction
chlorophyll pigments clustered into groups
80
what is the reaction center in the light reaction
special chlorophyll that photosystems funnel energy to. uses energy to split water into oxygen and hydrogen
81
what does the light reaction produce
oxygen is given off as waste, hydrogen atoms are used to produce ATP (an energy carrier molecule)
82
Where does the Calvin Cycle occur
in the stroma of the chloroplast
83
What happens in the Calvin cycle
carbon dioxide that is brought in through leaf pores are attached together using ATP from the light reaction to make sugar (C6H12O6)
84
what is a cotyledon
part of the embryo within the seed of a plant, the first leaves of a plant
85
characteristics of animals
multicellular eukaryotes, cells have no cell walls (only a membrane), heterotrophs, motile
86
How are animals classified into phyla
based on the basis or differences in their structure, tissues and organ systems
87
what are major characteristics used to classify animals
body organization (tissues, organs, organ systems), number of body or "germ" layers (2 or 3) in development, body symmetry (bilateral or radial), digestive tract (1 or 2 openings), body cavity of coelum (does the organism have a body cavity or not)
88
example of porifera
sponge
89
example of cnidaria
jellyfish, anenomes, corals
90
example of platyhelminthes
flatworms (tapeworms)
91
example of annelida
earthworm (segmented)
92
example of mollusca
clams, snails, octopus
93
example of anthropoda
spiders, scorpions, crustaceans
94
example of echinodermata
sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollars
95
characteristics of porifera
aquatic, radial, 2 layers of cells with no tissue specialization, sessile as adults, 1 digestive opening
96
characteristics of cnidaria
aquatic, radial, 2 layers of cells but have specialized tissues, motile, have a body cavity, 1 digestive opening
97
characteristics of platyhelminthes
least complex worms, no coelum, 3 layers of cells, simple nervous system, body with head, 2 digestive openings
98
characteristics of annelida
coelomate, segmented, distinct head, several organ systems, 2 openings
99
characteristics of mollusca
bilateral, 3 layers of cells, coelum, 2 openings, organ systems, capable of movement, exoskeleton
100
characteristics of anthropoda
exoskeleton, 2 openings, bilateral symmetry
101
characteristics of echinodermata
radial, internal skeleton, segmented body, hard exoskeleton, has organs
102
what is a capsid
the protein shell outside of the virus
103
why isn't a virus a living thing
require a host cell to reproduce, no cellular parts or structure
104
What is the basic structural parts of a virus
they all have a nucleic acid core (DNA/RNA) surrounded by a protein capsid
105
what is the significance of viruses
they can cause diseases in animals and plants, can be used in biotechnology to clone genes and insert them into another organism by "infecting" it
106
what are the two ways a virus can reproduce
lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle
107
how does the lytic cycle work
a virus injects its DNA into a host cell, taking over the cell and causing it to start producing viral parts. Once those parts are assembled, the cell ruptures, releasing new viral particles.
108
how does the lysogenic cycle work
the virus fuses itself into the DNA and become part of the cell. when the cell divides, the virus is part of the daughter cell's DNA as well

Biology (4 decks)

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