Diversity Of Living Things Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
How many kingdoms are there?
A
6
2
Q
How were groupings determined in the past?
A
Through shared physical characteristics
3
Q
What are the series of smaller groups each kingdom is subdivided into called?
A
Taxa (Sin. Taxon)
4
Q
What is the science of classifying organisms?
A
Taxonomy
5
Q
What are the purposes of taxonomy?
A
- Identify organisms
- Represent Relationships among them
6
Q
What is the order of taxa?
A
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
7
Q
What are the taxa of humans?
A
Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Chordata, Class: Mammalia, Order: Primata, Family: Hominidae, Genus: Homo, Species: sapiens
8
Q
Who is the Father of Taxonomy?
A
Carolus Linnaeus
9
Q
What did Carolus Linnaeus develop?
A
The system for naming species: binomial nomenclature
10
Q
What is the two-part name in binomial nomenclature called?
A
Species name or scientific name
11
Q
What is the first word in the scientific name?
A
The genus name
12
Q
What is the second word in the scientific name?
A
Identifies the species
13
Q
When writing the species name what do you need to do?
A
Italicize the name when typed and underline the name when it is written by hand
14
Q
What are species concepts?
A
Various definitions of a species
15
Q
How many species concepts are there?
A
3
16
Q
What is the morphological species concept?
A
Focuses on morphology (what we can see) such as body shape, size, and structural features
17
Q
What is the biological species concept?
A
Defines species on the basis of whether two organisms can produce fertile offspring
18
Q
What is the phylogenic species concept?
A
Examined the phylogeny (evolutionary history) of organisms
19
Q
How are living things classified?
A
According to their anatomical and physiological characteristics
20
Q
What causes the biggest affect on the diversity of living things in ecosystems?
A
Humans
21
Q
What were the first living organisms to evolve called?
A
Prokaryotes
22
Q
What do prokaryotes lack?
A
A membrane-bound nucleus
23
Q
What is the only organelle in prokaryotes?
A
Ribosomes
24
Q
What is the outer boundary of the prokaryotic cell called?
A
Plasma membrane
25
What domains are prokaryotes represented by?
Archaea and Eubacteria
26
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
Through binary fission: duplicating their genetic material and then spouting to form two daughter cells identical to the parent cell.
27
Why is binary fission not confused mitosis?
Mitosis is the division of the nucleus and prokaryotes do not have a nucleus so their reproduction can not be considered binary fission
28
What are the main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes have a nucleus and they have organelles
29
How did mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve?
They evolved from prokaryotes living symbiotically with eukaryotic cells that were taken to the cells
30
What do mitochondria and chloroplasts do?
They are involved in metabolism and energy conversion within the cell
31
How do eukaryotic cells reproduce?
Through meiosis (sexual reproduction) and mitosis (cell division producing identical daughter cells)
32
What are the six kingdoms?
1. Animalia
2. Plantae
3. Fungi
4. Protista
5. Eubacteria
6. Archaebacteria
33
What classifies animals under the kingdom Animalia?
They are motile, multicellular, eukaryotic, and consumers
34
What classifies plants under the kingdom Plantae?
They are sessile (anchored), multicellular, eukaryotic, producers
35
What classifies fungi under the kingdom Fungi?
They are sessile, multicellular, eukaryotic, and decomposers
36
What classifies most bacteria under the kingdom Eubacteria?
They are unicellular prokaryotes, which can be producers, consumers, or decomposers
37
What classifies protists under the kingdom Protista?
They are unicellular, eukaryotic, which can be either producers or consumers and they lack tissue differentiation
38
What classifies some bacteria under the kingdom Archaebacteria?
They are unicellular prokaryotes that live in the most extreme environments on earth (similar to the earliest earth environments) and they are considered among the oldest group of organisms on earth
39
What are the three domains?
Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, and Domain Eukarya
40
What kingdom in the Domain Eukarya had the greatest biological diversity? Why?
Kingdom Protista because they have lived ont he earth for a longer time than plants and animals, and have had more time to evolve and diversify
41
Are viruses organisms?
No
42
How small are viruses?
10-400 nm
43
Are viruses cells?
No
44
What are viruses made of?
A genome surrounded by a protein coat
45
Why are viruses dependent on a host cell?
They need a cell’s machinery to reproduce
46
What is the relationship between a virus and a cell?
Viruses are intracellular parasites that take over cells
47
Why are viruses not living?
They are not made of cells, cannot reproduce on their own, do not grow or undergo division, do not transform energy, and lack machinery for protein synthesis
48
What did Dimitri Ivanowsky discover?
He discovered that tobacco mosaic disease was caused by something smaller than any known bacteria
49
What did Martinus Beijerinck realize?
He realized that the agent that caused tobacco mosaic virus was different from bacteria and named it a virus
50
Who discovered the first animal virus and what virus was it?
Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch discovered the virus for hand-foot-and-mouth-disease
51
What works on bacteria but not in viruses?
Filters from before the discovery of viruses
52
What is virology?
The study of viruses
53
What do virologists use to study viruses?
They use electron microscopes to see them, cell cultures to grow viruses, techniques from molecular biology, genetics, and immunology, and proper safety precautions
54
What are the two ways viruses are classified?
Through their genetic material, capsid structure, and the presence or absence of a membranous envelope surrounding the capsid
55
What are the different capsid structures?
Helical (rod-shaped), polyhedral, and complex
56
What are viruses composed of?
Nucleic acid, proteins, and sometimes, lipids
57
What does nucleic acid contain?
The DNA or RNA encodes the genetic information to make virus copies
58
What is nucleic acid surrounded by?
A protective protein coat, called a capsid
59
What is the envelope made of?
Lipid and protein
60
Why do viruses infect?
To replicate
61
Could each virus infect every species?
No, they are limited to a group of species
62
Could all cells in a species get infected by a virus?
No, the virus only infects certain cell types
63
How is the host range determined?
There is a “lock-and-key” for between the virus and the receptor on the surface of a cell
64
Do viruses reproduce or replicate?
Replicate because they are creating pieces through a host cell and then assembling them
65
How do viruses replicate?
1. They deliver their genomes into a host cell
2. They seize the host cell’s transcription and translation machineries to copy viral genomes and synthesize viral proteins
3. Viral genomes and proteins are self assembled and exit host cells by creating a hole in them
66
What are three steps to prevent and treat viral diseases?
1. Practice good hygiene
2. Get vaccines
3. Take anti-viral drugs if recommended by a doctor
67
What are four ways how new viruses are created?
1. Through mutation and evolution
2. By spreading to a new species
3. By expanding the location the disease affects
4. Through detection of previously unrecognized viruses
68
What are viroids?
Viruses with genetic material but no protein coat
69
What are prions?
Made of a protein coat but do not have DNA or RNA
70
Can viroids and prions cause disease?
Yes
71
What is the difference between the lyric cycle and the lysogenic cycle?
The lyric cycle is the replication process of a virus
The lysogenic cycle is when the virus DNA integrates into the cell’s DNA and becomes dormant until it separates and initiates the lytic cycle
72
Why are bacteria of immense importance?
1. Rapid growth
2. Reproduction
3. Mutation rates
4. Ability to exist under adverse conditions
73
Species in the Kingdom Archaea exist in what environments?
Extreme environments
74
What is an aerobic bacteria?
Requires oxygen to live
75
What is an anaerobic bacteria
Does not require oxygen (it may be deadly to them)
76
Are methanogens aerobic or anaerobic?
Anaerobic
77
What do methanogens make?
Methane
78
Where are methanogens found?
Swamp sediments, sewage, and in buried landfills
79
What could methanogens be used for in the future?
To produce methane as a byproduct of sewage treatment or landfill operations
80
What’s the halophiles?
Salt-living archaea that grow in bodies of water with high salt content
81
Large numbers of halophiles do what?
Change the water to a dark pink
82
What pigment do pink halophiles contain?
A pigment similar to rhodopsin in the human retina
83
Are halophiles anaerobes or aerobes?
Aerobes
84
What do halophiles use their visual pigment for?
A type of photosynthesis that does it produce oxygen
85
What type of archaebacteria are photosynthetic autotrophs?
Most Halophiles
86
Halophiles that photosynthesize are what colour and why?
They are purple because instead of using chlorophyll they use bacteriorhodopsin to photosynthesize, which uses all light except for purple light, making the cells appear that colour
87
Where do thermophiles live?
Hot spring or high temperature environments
88
How hot of an environment can they grow in?
Above 100 degrees Celsius
89
Are thermophiles anaerobes or aerobes?
Anaerobes
90
How could thermophiles be of value in industry and medicine?
They contain genes for heat-stable enzymes
91
What is taq polymerase
A gene isolated from /Thermus aquaticus/ which is used to make large numbers of copies of DNA sequences in a DNA sample (for vaccines, tissue production, or drug production
92
What are the annual sales of taq polymerase?
Half a billion dollars
93
What does Cyanobacteria look like?
Green slime
94
What type of photosynthesis does Cyanobacteria do?
Modern photosynthesis (makes oxygen from water)
95
What did plants get the ability to do photosynthesis from?
Cyanobacteria
