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Biology- SBI3U1 > Diversity Of Living Things > Flashcards

Diversity Of Living Things Flashcards

1
Q

How many kingdoms are there?

A

6

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2
Q

How were groupings determined in the past?

A

Through shared physical characteristics

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3
Q

What are the series of smaller groups each kingdom is subdivided into called?

A

Taxa (Sin. Taxon)

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4
Q

What is the science of classifying organisms?

A

Taxonomy

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5
Q

What are the purposes of taxonomy?

A
  1. Identify organisms
  2. Represent Relationships among them
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6
Q

What is the order of taxa?

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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7
Q

What are the taxa of humans?

A

Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Chordata, Class: Mammalia, Order: Primata, Family: Hominidae, Genus: Homo, Species: sapiens

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8
Q

Who is the Father of Taxonomy?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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9
Q

What did Carolus Linnaeus develop?

A

The system for naming species: binomial nomenclature

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10
Q

What is the two-part name in binomial nomenclature called?

A

Species name or scientific name

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11
Q

What is the first word in the scientific name?

A

The genus name

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12
Q

What is the second word in the scientific name?

A

Identifies the species

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13
Q

When writing the species name what do you need to do?

A

Italicize the name when typed and underline the name when it is written by hand

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14
Q

What are species concepts?

A

Various definitions of a species

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15
Q

How many species concepts are there?

A

3

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16
Q

What is the morphological species concept?

A

Focuses on morphology (what we can see) such as body shape, size, and structural features

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17
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

Defines species on the basis of whether two organisms can produce fertile offspring

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18
Q

What is the phylogenic species concept?

A

Examined the phylogeny (evolutionary history) of organisms

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19
Q

How are living things classified?

A

According to their anatomical and physiological characteristics

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20
Q

What causes the biggest affect on the diversity of living things in ecosystems?

A

Humans

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21
Q

What were the first living organisms to evolve called?

A

Prokaryotes

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22
Q

What do prokaryotes lack?

A

A membrane-bound nucleus

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23
Q

What is the only organelle in prokaryotes?

A

Ribosomes

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24
Q

What is the outer boundary of the prokaryotic cell called?

A

Plasma membrane

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25
Q

What domains are prokaryotes represented by?

A

Archaea and Eubacteria

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26
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Through binary fission: duplicating their genetic material and then spouting to form two daughter cells identical to the parent cell.

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27
Q

Why is binary fission not confused mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus and prokaryotes do not have a nucleus so their reproduction can not be considered binary fission

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28
Q

What are the main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes have a nucleus and they have organelles

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29
Q

How did mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve?

A

They evolved from prokaryotes living symbiotically with eukaryotic cells that were taken to the cells

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30
Q

What do mitochondria and chloroplasts do?

A

They are involved in metabolism and energy conversion within the cell

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31
Q

How do eukaryotic cells reproduce?

A

Through meiosis (sexual reproduction) and mitosis (cell division producing identical daughter cells)

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32
Q

What are the six kingdoms?

A
  1. Animalia
  2. Plantae
  3. Fungi
  4. Protista
  5. Eubacteria
  6. Archaebacteria
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33
Q

What classifies animals under the kingdom Animalia?

A

They are motile, multicellular, eukaryotic, and consumers

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34
Q

What classifies plants under the kingdom Plantae?

A

They are sessile (anchored), multicellular, eukaryotic, producers

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35
Q

What classifies fungi under the kingdom Fungi?

A

They are sessile, multicellular, eukaryotic, and decomposers

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36
Q

What classifies most bacteria under the kingdom Eubacteria?

A

They are unicellular prokaryotes, which can be producers, consumers, or decomposers

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37
Q

What classifies protists under the kingdom Protista?

A

They are unicellular, eukaryotic, which can be either producers or consumers and they lack tissue differentiation

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38
Q

What classifies some bacteria under the kingdom Archaebacteria?

A

They are unicellular prokaryotes that live in the most extreme environments on earth (similar to the earliest earth environments) and they are considered among the oldest group of organisms on earth

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39
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, and Domain Eukarya

40
Q

What kingdom in the Domain Eukarya had the greatest biological diversity? Why?

A

Kingdom Protista because they have lived ont he earth for a longer time than plants and animals, and have had more time to evolve and diversify

41
Q

Are viruses organisms?

A

No

42
Q

How small are viruses?

A

10-400 nm

43
Q

Are viruses cells?

A

No

44
Q

What are viruses made of?

A

A genome surrounded by a protein coat

45
Q

Why are viruses dependent on a host cell?

A

They need a cell’s machinery to reproduce

46
Q

What is the relationship between a virus and a cell?

A

Viruses are intracellular parasites that take over cells

47
Q

Why are viruses not living?

A

They are not made of cells, cannot reproduce on their own, do not grow or undergo division, do not transform energy, and lack machinery for protein synthesis

48
Q

What did Dimitri Ivanowsky discover?

A

He discovered that tobacco mosaic disease was caused by something smaller than any known bacteria

49
Q

What did Martinus Beijerinck realize?

A

He realized that the agent that caused tobacco mosaic virus was different from bacteria and named it a virus

50
Q

Who discovered the first animal virus and what virus was it?

A

Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch discovered the virus for hand-foot-and-mouth-disease

51
Q

What works on bacteria but not in viruses?

A

Filters from before the discovery of viruses

52
Q

What is virology?

A

The study of viruses

53
Q

What do virologists use to study viruses?

A

They use electron microscopes to see them, cell cultures to grow viruses, techniques from molecular biology, genetics, and immunology, and proper safety precautions

54
Q

What are the two ways viruses are classified?

A

Through their genetic material, capsid structure, and the presence or absence of a membranous envelope surrounding the capsid

55
Q

What are the different capsid structures?

A

Helical (rod-shaped), polyhedral, and complex

56
Q

What are viruses composed of?

A

Nucleic acid, proteins, and sometimes, lipids

57
Q

What does nucleic acid contain?

A

The DNA or RNA encodes the genetic information to make virus copies

58
Q

What is nucleic acid surrounded by?

A

A protective protein coat, called a capsid

59
Q

What is the envelope made of?

A

Lipid and protein

60
Q

Why do viruses infect?

A

To replicate

61
Q

Could each virus infect every species?

A

No, they are limited to a group of species

62
Q

Could all cells in a species get infected by a virus?

A

No, the virus only infects certain cell types

63
Q

How is the host range determined?

A

There is a “lock-and-key” for between the virus and the receptor on the surface of a cell

64
Q

Do viruses reproduce or replicate?

A

Replicate because they are creating pieces through a host cell and then assembling them

65
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A
  1. They deliver their genomes into a host cell
  2. They seize the host cell’s transcription and translation machineries to copy viral genomes and synthesize viral proteins
  3. Viral genomes and proteins are self assembled and exit host cells by creating a hole in them
66
Q

What are three steps to prevent and treat viral diseases?

A
  1. Practice good hygiene
  2. Get vaccines
  3. Take anti-viral drugs if recommended by a doctor
67
Q

What are four ways how new viruses are created?

A
  1. Through mutation and evolution
  2. By spreading to a new species
  3. By expanding the location the disease affects
  4. Through detection of previously unrecognized viruses
68
Q

What are viroids?

A

Viruses with genetic material but no protein coat

69
Q

What are prions?

A

Made of a protein coat but do not have DNA or RNA

70
Q

Can viroids and prions cause disease?

A

Yes

71
Q

What is the difference between the lyric cycle and the lysogenic cycle?

A

The lyric cycle is the replication process of a virus
The lysogenic cycle is when the virus DNA integrates into the cell’s DNA and becomes dormant until it separates and initiates the lytic cycle

72
Q

Why are bacteria of immense importance?

A
  1. Rapid growth
  2. Reproduction
  3. Mutation rates
  4. Ability to exist under adverse conditions
73
Q

Species in the Kingdom Archaea exist in what environments?

A

Extreme environments

74
Q

What is an aerobic bacteria?

A

Requires oxygen to live

75
Q

What is an anaerobic bacteria

A

Does not require oxygen (it may be deadly to them)

76
Q

Are methanogens aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

77
Q

What do methanogens make?

A

Methane

78
Q

Where are methanogens found?

A

Swamp sediments, sewage, and in buried landfills

79
Q

What could methanogens be used for in the future?

A

To produce methane as a byproduct of sewage treatment or landfill operations

80
Q

What’s the halophiles?

A

Salt-living archaea that grow in bodies of water with high salt content

81
Q

Large numbers of halophiles do what?

A

Change the water to a dark pink

82
Q

What pigment do pink halophiles contain?

A

A pigment similar to rhodopsin in the human retina

83
Q

Are halophiles anaerobes or aerobes?

A

Aerobes

84
Q

What do halophiles use their visual pigment for?

A

A type of photosynthesis that does it produce oxygen

85
Q

What type of archaebacteria are photosynthetic autotrophs?

A

Most Halophiles

86
Q

Halophiles that photosynthesize are what colour and why?

A

They are purple because instead of using chlorophyll they use bacteriorhodopsin to photosynthesize, which uses all light except for purple light, making the cells appear that colour

87
Q

Where do thermophiles live?

A

Hot spring or high temperature environments

88
Q

How hot of an environment can they grow in?

A

Above 100 degrees Celsius

89
Q

Are thermophiles anaerobes or aerobes?

A

Anaerobes

90
Q

How could thermophiles be of value in industry and medicine?

A

They contain genes for heat-stable enzymes

91
Q

What is taq polymerase

A

A gene isolated from /Thermus aquaticus/ which is used to make large numbers of copies of DNA sequences in a DNA sample (for vaccines, tissue production, or drug production

92
Q

What are the annual sales of taq polymerase?

A

Half a billion dollars

93
Q

What does Cyanobacteria look like?

A

Green slime

94
Q

What type of photosynthesis does Cyanobacteria do?

A

Modern photosynthesis (makes oxygen from water)

95
Q

What did plants get the ability to do photosynthesis from?

A

Cyanobacteria

Biology- SBI3U1 (2 decks)

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