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Biology 11 > Diversity of Living Things > Flashcards

Diversity of Living Things Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Characteristics of archaea

A
  • some have peptidoglycan
  • live in extreme environments
  • lack important carbohydrates found in the cell wall
  • different lipids in their cell membrane
  • different gene sequences
  • different types of ribosomes
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2
Q

Characteristics of eubacteria

A 
-almost all have peptidoglycan
Heterotrophs:
-found everywhere
-can be parasites
-saprophytes (lives on dead or decaying matter)
Photosynthetic autotrophs:
-make their own food from light
-different chloroplasts than plants
-fix nitrogen in aquatic systems
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3
Q

Diplo

A

Paired (two)

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4
Q

Staphylo

A

Clusters

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5
Q

Strepto

A

Chains

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6
Q

Bacillus

A

Rods

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7
Q

Coccus

A

Spheres

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8
Q

Spirillum

A

Spirals

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9
Q

Flagella

A

A tail-like structure that whips around to propel the bacterium. A bacterium can have more than one. Can sense a cell’s surroundings. In eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

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10
Q

Cilia

A

Hair-like structures made of protein that surround the cell to help it swim and capture food.

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11
Q

Non-motile

A

Sticky cilia-like structures or an extra slime layer on the capsule that prevents the bacterium from moving.

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12
Q

Binary fission

A

Asexual reproduction where a cell duplicates its genetic material and then splits into two daughter cells. Happens at an extremely fast rate when given an optimal environment.

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13
Q

Conjugation

A

The union of two bacteria cells by their sex pili for the exchange of genetic material. Occurs in unfavourable environments.

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14
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

Using its pili, a bacteria can pick up another species’ DNA from the surrounding environment.

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15
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Can live without oxygen

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16
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Can live with or without oxygen

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17
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Cannot live without oxygen

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18
Q

Fermentation

A

The process of respiration in anaerobic conditions (without oxygen).

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19
Q

Neutrophil

A

A white blood cell that kills bacteria by ingesting them, can phagocytize 5-20 bacteria in their lifetime.

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20
Q

Monocyte

A

A white blood cell that enters the tissue and becomes larger and turns into a macrophage. It can phagocytize up to 100 bacteria in their lifetime and also destroys old and damaged cells.

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21
Q

Macrophage

A

A large phagocytic cell that is found in its stationary form in tissues or as a mobile white blood cell.

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22
Q

B cells

A

White blood cells that become plasma cells when exposed to an invading organism or activated by helper T cells and produce large numbers of antibodies.

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23
Q

Pathogens

A

A deathly bacteria that can cause disease and be treated using antibiotics, contrary to viruses.

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24
Q

Endospore

A

A bacteria that can withstand extreme conditions by bundling their genetic material in a tough internal structure. Formed by vegetative cells in response to environmental signals that indicate a limiting factor for vegetative growth.

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25
Characteristics of protists
- eukaryotic - most are unicellular - found in moist environments - aerobic, use mitochondria for cellular respiration - can be autotrophic, heterotrophic or mixotrophic
26
Plant-like protists (algae)
- ancestors of plants - cell walls made from cellulose - photosynthetic autotrophs - similar chloroplasts to plants - non-motile - multicellular or unicellular - unicellular are diploid most of their life - multicellular are haploid most of their life
27
Animal-like protists (protozoa)
- amoebas - ciliates (paramecium) - sporozoa
28
Amoeba
- move by extending their pseudopods (part of the cell wall) and pulling the rest of the cell behind - can be free-living or parasites - heterotrophic, capture food with their pseudopods - phagocytic - live in saltwater, freshwater, and mud
29
Ciliates (paramecium)
- use cilia to move and sweep food into their gullet - unicellular - heterotrophic, phagocytic - complex internal structure - macronucleus and micronucleus (DNA) - sexual or asexual reproduction - contractile vacuole to assist with diffusion
30
Phagocytosis
The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and protozoans.
31
Sporozoans
- heterotrophic parasites - parasites of animals - unicellular - no cell wall - have small flagella - plasmodium vivax causes malaria in humans
32
Fungi-like protists (slime and water molds)
- heterotrophic, feed on bacteria - motile with flagella or pseudopods - decomposers of dead organisms - live as separate cells - aggregate into a multicellular slug in harsh conditions - the slug produces a fruiting body that produces spores - can be large and colourful
33
Photosynthesis
The process of using the sun's energy to produce glucose and oxygen gas.
34
Cellular respiration
The process of breaking down nutrients using oxygen gas to create energy for cell functions.
35
Characteristics of fungi
- heterotrophic - eukaryotic - sessile - multicellular organisms - reproduce sexually and asexually - have cell walls composed of chitin - terrestrial
36
Differences between plants and fungi
- plant cell walls are composed of cellulose, fungi cell walls are composed of chitin - fungi are heterotrophic, plants are photosynthetic and autotrophic - different methods of reproduction
37
Fungi digestion
Fungi digest food externally. They release digestive enzymes into their surrounding environment that break down nutrients which are then absorbed into the hyphae cells.
38
Spores
Haploid reproductive structure, usually a single cell, capable of growing a new individual.
39
Haploid
Half the number of chromosomes, the result of meiosis.
40
Diploid
The full number of chromosomes, eggs and sperm.
41
Mitosis
Produces new cells with the same number of chromosomes.
42
Meiosis
Produces new cells with half the number of chromosomes.
43
Benefits of fungi
- act as decomposers of the earth and are responsible for cycling nutrients through the biosphere - almost all plants rely on fungi to help them obtain nutrients from the soil
44
Lichen
- a symbiotic combination of fungi and photosynthetic cyanobacteria or green algae - a small crusty and pale moss-like organism - help begin the process of ecological succession because they can survive in any conditions - release chemicals that break down rocks to form soil and support plant growth
45
Mycorrhizae
The process by which fungus' hyphae grows around the root cells of plants and supplies the plant with needed nutrients. The plant provides the fungi with energy-rich food molecules.
46
Saprophytes
Organisms that obtain nutrients from dead or nonliving organic matter.
47
Hyphae Mycelium
A mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. The vegetative part of fungi.
48
Characteristics of plants
- photosynthetic - primary producers of food webs - evolved from green algae - eukaryotic cells - multicellular - have chloroplasts with chlorophyll - have cell walls containing cellulose - have a dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems
49
Adaptions
- have adapted to living on land - have changed their reproductive methods - structural adaptations
50
Bryophytes
Non-vascular plants. Mosses, liverworts.
51
Pterophytes
Vascular, seedless plants. Ferns.
52
Gymnosperms
Vascular, have seeds, no flowers. Conifers (cones).
53
Angiosperms
Vascular, have seeds, flowering. Monocots (multiples of 3), dicots (multiples of 4 or 5).
54
Gametophyte
Haploid organisms that produce gametes by mitosis. Chromosomes: n.
55
Sporophyte
Diploid organisms that produce spores by meiosis. Chromosomes: 2n.
56
Zygote
Diploid fertilized cell when two gametes get together. Chromosomes: 2n.
57
Cuticle
A waterproof, waxy coating produced by the epidermis of most plants.
58
Stomata
The small opening in the epidermis of a plant that allows for gas exchange.
59
Characteristics of animals
- eukaryotic - multicellular, with differentiation - no cell wall - heterotrophic - most are motile, some have sessile stages - generally, reproduce sexually: diploid stage of the lifecycle is dominant
60
Ectoderm
Outer germ layer (skin and nervous system).
61
Mesoderm
Middle germ layer (organs).
62
Endoderm
Inner germ layer (lining of the gut).
63
Classification of an animal
- germ layers - body cavity - symmetry - digestive tract or gut - tissue and organ system
64
Coelom
- located between the body wall and the gut - contains and protects the internal organs - develops from the mesoderm layer - found in higher invertebrates and vertebrates
65
Radial symmetry
No defined head region so there is no defined section that leads. Not suited to rapid locomotion.
66
Bilateral symmetry
A head region that can lead an organism. Suited for animals that need to move rapidly forwards.
67
Intracellular digestion
The breakdown of macromolecules occurs within the cell directly (diffusion, phagocytosis).
68
Extracellular digestion
Macromolecules are broken down in specialized areas with the help of enzymes. This allows organisms to benefit from a wider variety of food. Specialized cells and tissues are required.
69
Acoelomate
Only a lined git, no cavity within the mesoderm.
70
Pseudocoelomate
A fluid-filled spaced. Not as sophisticated as a true coelom.
71
Coelomate
Mesoderm surrounds the cavity, while endoderm surrounds the gut. A true coelom.
72
Alternation of generations
A life cycle that alternates between haploid and diploid stages. Occurs commonly in plants, fungi, and protists.
73
Zygomycetes
- have asexual and haploid spores - form zygotes that undergo meiosis after germination - terrestrial - can be saprophytes - bread molds
74
Ascomycetes
- have asexual and sexual haploid spores - produce their spores in sacs (budding) - can be pathogens - yeast - penicillin
75
Basidiomycetes
- have sexual haploid spores - terrestrial - can be pathogens - the visible part of the organism is a fruiting body the bulk of the organism is underground - mushrooms
76
Phylum chordata characteristics
- well developed head and tail - a dorsal nerve cord - notochord - closed circulatory system
77
Bacteriophage
A virus that infects bacteria.
78
Pili
Thin hairs composed of protein that protrude the cell surface. They can transfer DNA through bacterial conjugation. Aid in motility. Only in prokaryotic cells.
79
Taxonomy
The science of naming and classifying organisms that doesn't account for molecular evidence.
80
Binomial nomenclature
Two-part scientific naming system created by Carolus Linnaeus is used today by scientists to classify organisms. Genus species.

Biology 11 (2 decks)

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