Diversity stuff to know Flashcards
(30 cards)
animal
- Animal: latin ‘animalus’ = having breath
o Don’t make own food, multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, motile, lack cell walls
o Metazoans (other word for animal)
disparity
morphological diff between various taxa
o What makes each phylum different
o Must be more closely
diversity
: having diff forms/tupes
o Actual # of species/groups/taxa
o Variety of life forms
count``
goals of animal diversity
- Reconstruct the phylogeny of life → origin of key characteristics
- Understand the processes that lead to and maintain the diversity of species (and the adaptations) through time
- Evolution, taxonomy, ecology and animal architecture
- What makes groups the same vs different
- New science, conservation
biodiversity
- RF Dasmann in 1968, EO Wilson in 1988, founding fathers
- Variety of diff life forms on earth and variation of species
o Total genes, species and ecosystems of a region
o Taxonomic: # of species
o Ecological: # of ecosystems (community), habitat important to each species
o Morphological: genetic diversity - Important for conservation
biodiversity hotspots
- Many species existing in the same area
- Lots of resources, good climate to make animals able to coexist
- Mostly endemic species (nowhere else on earth)
- Threat to human disturbance
- Ex. Madagascar
invertebrates
- Everywhere, in every phylum
- ~97% of named animals
- over 2mil
- ~34 phyla
key points with taxonomy
- Taxa (singular taxon) – organisms in the rank
o All of the taxa of kingdom animilia
o All the taxa of class cephalopoda
o Binomial name: genus species or genus sp.
o Systematics: species are grouped based on evolutionary relatedness
• Evolutionary descent
• Descendants share key features
phylogeny
- Uses organismal characters
o Morphological, developmental (embryological), genetic/molecular, fossil - Similar characters can be:
o Homoplasy → not related but have a similar function, no common ancestor, convergent evolution
o Homology → common ancestor, all descendants have trait, what we WANT - Common ancestors and descendants = clade
o Derived trait from common ancestor
- Synapomorphy
that they have a specific trait that all in the group has
o Ex. mammals having hair
- Monophyletic group
what we want!
o No one let behind, all descendants included
paraphyletic
contains some but not all of descendants
o Ex. bony fish → everything is bony fish but vertebrates are not included
polyphyletic
no recent common ancestor, no evolutionary origin
how should we think about evolution
- Not a linear progression → complex tree
- Over 600 million years, most common ancestors are probably extinct
- All animals are well adapted into their niches
evolution
- It was originally thought that evolution was very simple and linear
- It is actually branching evolution: all that is alive today has had a common ancestor
cell level
o Aggregation of cells that have differentiated functions
o Choanoflagellates
o Adhesive molecules to keep cells togheter
o Cells work together for diff fuctions
cell-tissue level
o Welcome animals
o Specific cells work together to have specific functions
o Porifera, placozoa
tissue level
o Cells are true tissue, work together
o Highly coordinated unit
o True tissue secretes nd extracellular matrix (basement membrane)
- Organ level
organ level
o Tissues working together to form organ with a specialized function
• Eyespots in flatworms
organ systems
o Organs work together
o Most complex
• Digestive system, circulatory system
asymmetry
no plane that can be divided, grow however, whereve
radial symmetry
o Can cut in half any which way, direction doesn’t matter
biradial symmetry
only 1 or 2 planes equal
bilateral symmetry
mirrored left and right halves when cut on sattigal plane (anterior posterior, dorsal ventral)
• Cephalization: development of head at anterior end bc moving in that direction first
• Secondary lost in some groups
