Divisions of the Nervous System

Question 1

Anatomical axis

Answer 1

Cranial/Rostral - Caudial
Superior - Inferior
Lateral - Medial 
Distal - Proximal
Dorsal - Ventral

Question 2

What are the planes used in brain anatomy?

Answer 2

Coronal
Horizontal
Sagittal

Question 3

What does ipsilateral mean?

Answer 3

Same side of the body

Question 4

What does contralateral mean?

Answer 4

Opposite side of the body

Question 5

What are the 3 main divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 5

• Central Nervous System
• Peripheral Nervous System
• Enteric Nervous System

Question 6

What is the CNS?

Answer 6

Brain and spinal cord

Question 7

What is the PNS?

Answer 7

Nerves and cell bodies to/from the brain and spinal cord

Question 8

What is the enteric NS?

Answer 8

Neuronal cells of the GI tract

Question 9

How many nerves are in the PNS?

Answer 9

43 pairs

Question 10

Which nervous system has 43 pairs of nerves?

Answer 10

PNS

Question 11

How are the nerves of the peripheral nervous system classed?

Answer 11

Cranial and spinal nerves

Question 12

How many nerves of each subdivision are there in the PNS?

Answer 12

31 spinal pairs and 12 cranial pairs

Question 13

Structure of peripheral nerves

Answer 13

• Contain axons, no dendrites
• No cell bodies
• Most are ‘mixed’

Question 14

Do peripheral nerves contain dendrites?

Answer 14

No, only axons

Question 15

Do peripheral nerves carry sensory input?

Answer 15

Yes but most are ‘mixed’ so carry motor outputs too

Question 16

What is a fascicle?

Answer 16

A bundle of individually wrapped axons

Question 17

Can fascicles be myelinated?

Answer 17

Yes

Question 18

What is the endometrium?

Answer 18

Surrounds each individual axon for mechanical support

Question 19

What is the perineurium?

Answer 19

What bundles each individual axon together into fascicles

Question 20

What is the epineurium?

Answer 20

What encloses the fascicles with blood vessels?

Question 21

_______ surrounds each individual axon. The axons are bundled by ________ into fascicles and closed with blood vessels by ______

Answer 21

Endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

Question 22

What are cranial nerves?

Answer 22

Peripheral nerves of the brain (12) pairs

Question 23

Which cranial nerves are derived from the forebrain?

Answer 23

Cranial nerves I and II

Question 24

Cranial nerve I and II are derived from the _______

Answer 24

Forebrain

Question 25

Which cranial nerves are from the brainstem?

Answer 25

Cranial nerves III to XII

Question 26

Which cranial nerve is derived from the brainstem but also has a spinal cord connection?

Answer 26

Cranial nerve XI | Accessory nerve

Question 27

What is cranial nerve X?

Answer 27

The Vagus nerve

Question 28

Are all cranial nerves mixed?

Answer 28

No

Question 29

Are all spinal nerves mixed?

Answer 29

Yes

Question 30

What are the 5 sets of spinal nerves called?

Answer 30

- Cervical - Thoracic - Lumbar - Sacral - Coccygeal

Question 31

Define rami

Answer 31

Spinal nerve branch. Important for pattern of innervation

Question 32

Define dermatome

Answer 32

Areas of the body innervated by specific spinal nerves.

Question 33

How can dermatomes be used in clinical medicine?

Answer 33

Help neurologists identify sites of damage

Question 34

How can the PNS be divided based on function?

Answer 34

Somatic(voluntary)/Visceral(involuntary) | Afferent(sensory)/Efferent(motor)

Question 35

Difference between motor axons in somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Answer 35

Somatic - Motor axons go straight to muscle | Autonomic - Motor axons connect with another cell in a ganglion, this cell innervates the muscle

Question 36

Are pre-ganglionic axons myelinated?

Answer 36

Yes

Question 37

Are post-ganglionic axons myelinated?

Answer 37

No

Question 38

Do sympathetic or parasympathetic ganglia lie close to the spinal cord?

Answer 38

Sympathetic

Question 39

Parasympathetic ganglia like close to ___ _____

Answer 39

The target

Question 40

What does does the location of ganglia mean about the length of fibres?

Answer 40

Sympathetic ganglia are mostly close to the spinal cord, therefore, the pre-ganglionic fibres would be short Parasympathetic pre-ganglionic fibres are long as the ganglia lie close to target

Question 41

Are sympathetic post-ganglion adrenergic or cholinergic?

Answer 41

Adrenergic

Question 42

Are parasympathetic post-ganglion adrenergic or cholinergic?

Answer 42

Cholinergic