Divisions Over Religion: Arminianism And Laudianism; Puritanism And Millenarianism To 1640 Flashcards
(22 cards)
1
Q
What was Charles’ approach to religion?
A
- was not committed to being a peacemaker
- committed to tolerating catholics - mainly due to his marriage to Henrietta Maria
- Charles aimed to bring about far reaching reform of the Church of England which caused grave disquiet among the puritans + political nation
2
Q
What were the key beliefs of Arminians?
A
- bishops are essential to ensure the church is governed appropriately and provides effective support for the king
- believed that the reformation went too far + that some aspects of Catholicism are essential in the Church of England
- beauty of holiness
-ceremony, order and ritual - dismiss the Calvinist idea of pre destination
3
Q
Why did Charles promote laudianism?
A
-eager to overthrow the Elizabethan compromise
-wanted to unite people within a uniform national church
- fear of Puritanism
4
Q
When was laud promoted as bishop of London?
A
1628
5
Q
When was laud promoted as Archbishop of Canterbury?
A
- 1633
6
Q
What were some laudian measures?
A
- communion table moved and railed off as an altar in the east end of the church
- increased emphasis on ceremony
- decorations such as stained glass windows
- increased use of music in services
- ministers wearing vestments instead of plain robes
7
Q
How were the laudian measures imposed?
A
- enforced through visitations + ecclesiastical courts
- bishop visitations focused on inspecting the physical aspects of the church and performance of the ministers
8
Q
When was the book of sports reissued?
A
- 1633
-imposed to counter pressure that was put on puritan dominated areas, eg Lancashire to abstain from participating in fun activities on Sundays (the sabbath) - authorised a range of sports eg morris dancing
- clergy who failed to read the reissue could be expelled from their position, or even face imprisonment
9
Q
How did Charles play a role in imposing laudian measures during personal rule?
A
- presence of a range of catholics at court + access they had to Charles made the puritans believe he was influenced by them
- puritans also believed the king was being influenced by his Catholic wife
10
Q
How were the laudian reforms imposed in 1640?
A
- through church laws called canon laws were passed to codify laud’s measures
11
Q
Why was the rise of Laud so problematic?
A
- Laud became not just a religious figure, but also a highly influential political one (became archbishop, became a member of the privy council + was also a member of the star chamber)
-this mirrored the situation in France + Spain = where secular roles were regularly being given to bishops - created fears that Charles was aiming to install a continental style absolutism in England
12
Q
Who were the puritans?
A
- a hotter form of Protestants - shared beliefs with calvinists and Presbyterians
- common focus : importance of the bible + hatred for catholics + different measures of millenarianism
13
Q
How did the Protestants change during the 1630s?
A
- many Protestants increasingly concerned with the direction Charles’ religious reforms were taken, so they became more connected to the Puritan position
14
Q
What was the 1633 St Gregory’s case?
A
- example of puritan opposition during personal rule
-parishioners at st Gregory;’s church in London the moving of their communism table to the east end of the church - the moving of the communion table sometimes also meant that family pews had to be removed which caused offence
- richly decorated cloths on the table was also a reminder of lingering Catholic influences
-parishioners were brought forward by the privy council as a test case for Charles
15
Q
What happened with John Williams in 1637?
A
- example of puritan opposition to Charles during personal rule
- William’s was imprisoned for publishing a criticism of the moving of the altars in “The Holy Table, Name and Thing”
- Williams argued that even the terminology “altar” was problematic - heavily Catholic
16
Q
What happened with the case of Prynne, Burton and Bastwick in 1637?
A
- example of puritan opposition
- Prynne, Bastwick and Burton were brought before the court of star chamber for their criticism of church policy
- the three men were found guilty of criticising laudian reforms
-each fined £5000 + imprisoned for life - however their ears were publicly cut of which caused sympathy - mainly for their well respected job prospects rather than the punishment
17
Q
What was Charles’ aim in Scotland?
A
- conformity
- wanted to align the Presbyterian Church of Scotland with the laudian Church of England and reform its prayer book and practices
18
Q
What did Charles pass in Scotland in 1625?
A
- act of revocation: feudal right to take land from the Scottish elite to support the church in Scotland - immediate outcome was that it united landowners against Charles as he posed a threat to their power
- articles of Perth; called for kneeling at communion, observance of holy days etc
19
Q
What did the 1636 canons in Scotland state?
A
- based on the articles of Perth
- the altar had to be placed against the east wall of the chancel
- ministers had to wear a surplice when they celebrated communion
- improvised prayer book was banned; ministers had to read from the new prayer book
- all these canons were interpreted as a return to Catholicism + Charles made no attempt to allow the general assembly of the Kirk of Scotland or the Scottish Parliament to have any say
20
Q
When was the laudian prayer book introduced in Scotland?
A
- 1637
- imposed without consulting the Scottish Kirk or parliament
- threatened religious independence in Scotland
- triggered a conflict at St Giles cathedral; which started the Scottish rebellion
21
Q
What was the emergence of millenarianism?
A
- millenarianism was a belief in the end of the world - important to English porters at
- believed that the political crisis was part of the events that heralded the end of the world
- they feared judgement day was near
-this belief gave some puritans a reason to take on more political and public roles in the late 1630s
22
Q
A
