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SGU FTM > DLA #1: Cellular Organization > Flashcards

DLA #1: Cellular Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Eukaryotic Cells.

A

Comprised of multiple membrane-enclosed organelles.

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2
Q

Describe Prokaryotic Cells.

A

Comprised of a single compartment surrounded by plasma membrane.

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3
Q

Explain the functional significance of organelles as they pertain to the cell.

A

Organelles carry out specific function within the cell. The functions they carry out produce products that are then transferred throughout the cell in a complex network.

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4
Q

Name two important properties of the phospholipid bilayer (plasma membrane).

A

1) Fluidity
2) Selective permeability

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5
Q

Describe fluidity in regards to the plasma membrane.

A

Plasma membrane is comprised of 50/50 proteins and lipids. These proteins and lipids are mobile. Hence => “Fluidity”

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6
Q

Why is cholesterol considered an important lipid in the plasma membrane.

A

Because it stabilizes the fluidity of the membrane.

Ex) 1) At high temp. => fluidity of pm goes up. Cholesterol will then stabilize the structure from dissociating by increasing the melting point.

2) At low temp. => fluidity of pm decreases and the phospholipids begin to cluster. Cholesterol are found b/w phospholipids and prevent their collapse.

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7
Q

What two important molecules comprise the plasma membrane structure:

A

Proteins and Lipids

**Ratio => 50/50

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8
Q

Describe the polarity of a phospholipid structure

A

Hydrophilic Head and a Hydrophobic Tail

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9
Q

What are the three major classes of lipids in the pm

A

1) Phospholipids
2) Cholesterol
3) Glycolipids

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10
Q

Synonym for hydrophobic.

A

Nonpolar

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11
Q

Synonym for hydrophillic.

A

Polar

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12
Q

Water is a _____ molecule.

A

Polar

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13
Q

What are the two major classes of proteins.

A

1) Integral 2) Peripheral

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14
Q

What are integral proteins.

A

Proteins embedded into the lipid bilayer

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15
Q

What are peripheral proteins

A

Associate with integral membrane proteins

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16
Q

Rank the abundance of lipids associated with the pm

A

Phospholipids > Cholesterol > Glycolipids

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17
Q

Where are glycolipids (glycocalyx) found and why are they important

A

Glyclolipids are located on the outer leaflet of the phospholipid bilayer Important in cell recognition **Very prominent in rbc’s

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18
Q

What is the structure and function of phospholipids.

A

Structure: The pm is comprised mainly of p.lipids. They aid in forming the inner and outer leaflet. The head of the p.lipid is polar and the tail is nonpolar. Function: Form the cells protective barrier and allow for selective permeability.

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19
Q

Why is the plasma membrane important.

A

Creates a barrier from the extracellular to the intracellular environment

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20
Q

Describe why the pm is referred to as the “fluid mosaic” model.

A

Mosaic => made of multiple different units.

Fluid => all the components associated with the membrane are dynamic and can freely move along the membrane.

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21
Q

Different categories of integral proteins

A

1) Pumps/carriers/Transporters
2) Channels
3) Receptors
4) Linkers
5) Enzymes
6) Structural Proteins

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22
Q

Describe what kinds of compounds are “freely” permeable to the pm

A

Hydrophobic, non-polar, and uncharged compounds. Ex) O2, CO2, other gases

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23
Q

Describe what kinds of compounds are “less” permeable to the pm

A

Small, polar, and uncharged compounds Ex) H20

24
Q

Describe what kinds of compounds are “highly” impermeable to the pm

A

Charged, polar, large

25
Q

Hydrophilic heads of the p.lipid bilayer face _____ and _____.

A

Exterior and cytosol

26
Q

The hydrophobic core of the p.lipid bilayer is formed by the:

A

Fatty acid tails

27
Q

Phosphatidylserine

A

Type of phospholipid found at the inner leaflet of the bilayer.

Transferred by enzymes to outer leaflet during programmed cell death.

Allows the human body to remove dying cells.

28
Q

Describe Glycocalyx and its function.

A

Carbohydrate rich zone on the cell surface.

Important for cell protection, recognition, and cell to cell interaction.

***Glycocalyx is a layer of glycolipids, glycoproteins and proteoglycans

29
Q

Explain linker proteins.

A

Linker proteins are a type of integral protein that associate with the pm. They do not completely go through the pm BUT they interact with other proteins that do completely pass through. In a diagram, the linker protein does have some “slight” attachment to the pm and is bound another protein embedded through the membrane.

*** AT FIRST GLANCE THEY LOOK LIKE PERIPHERAL PROTEINS => THEY ARE NOT

30
Q

Structural proteins

A

Type of integral proteins that interacts with the extracellular environment and creates cell adhesion.

31
Q

When a substance exits the cell by the fusion of a vesicle w/ a plasma membrane we call the process_______.

A

Exocytosis

32
Q

When a substance enter the cell by a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane we call this process_______.

A

Endocytosis

33
Q

Name the three types of Endocytosis:

A

1) Pinocytosis
2) Phagocytosis
3) Receptor Mediated

34
Q

Describe pinocytosis:

A
  • “Cell drinking”
  • Cell uses a structure (invagination) to take in aqueous environment to bring in solutes to a membrane bound vesicle.
  • Way in which cell can take in stuff that it needs.
  • Engulfs small particles
  • Fusion into endosome then into lysosome

Pinocytosis is NON-SPECIFIC and CLATHRIN-INDEPENDENT

35
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • “Cell eating”
  • Cell uses pseudopodia (finger like projection) to engulf large substances into the vesicles within the cell.
  • Phagocytosis is ACTIN-DEPENDENT and CLATHRIN-INDEPENDENT
  • Bacterium is engulfed into a phagosome and transfered into an endosome. Then sent into a lysosome
36
Q

Pinocytosis is regarded as a _____ process meaning it occurs all the time.

A

Constitutive (no one has to tell the cell to initiate this process)

37
Q

Specialized examples of phagocytes

A

Macrophages and Neutrophils

38
Q

During phagocytosis, what are examples of particles you expect to be taken up

A

-Microorganisms -Apoptotic cells -Non-biological materials

39
Q

Describe the story of when a phagocyte cell engulfs particles

A

Antibodies bind to a bacterium => bacterium + antibodies bind to receptors (Fc) on pm => pseudopodia engulfs the bacterium creating a phagosome => phagosome fusion with lysosome => formation of residual bodies.

40
Q

Describe receptor-mediated endocytosis

A
  • Cargo-specific
  • Clathrin-dependent
  • Utilization of adaptin
  • Vesicle binds to endosome and then lysosome
41
Q

Describe exocytosis

A

Fusion of secretory vesicles w/in the plasma membrane

42
Q

Exocytosis is regarded as a _______ process.

A

Constitutive

43
Q

How is exocytosis regulated within the cell

A

Requires a stimulus of Ca2+ influx

44
Q

What is an endosome

A

Membrane enclosed structure formed as a result of endocytosis. Later it matures into a lysosome.

45
Q

During development of the endosome what can be said about its pH during maturation.

A

Becomes more acidic due to H+ influx

46
Q

List the three pathways to lysosomal digestion

A

1) Phagocytosis 2) Endocytosis 3) Autophagy

47
Q

Describe autophagy

A
  • “self-eating”
  • lysosomes entrap degrading material and the enzymes necessary to break that material down.
  • during autophagy, a lysosome will fuse with a autophagosome.
  • content degradation, recycling and reuse occurs.
48
Q

At what state is autophagy most frequently occurring.

A

During a fasting state.

49
Q

What is a proteasome.

A

A protein complex that degrades proteins. This complex is ATP dependent.

50
Q

Why are proteasomes so unique.

A

They do not require lysosomes to aid in the degradation of proteins.

51
Q

How does a proteasome know which protein to destroy.

A

Via polyubiquitination. (Ubiquitin tags a protein)

52
Q

Proteasome inhibitors are commonly used in what clinical situation

A

Cancer patients

53
Q

Explain vesicle targeting.

A

Vesicle targeting is a form of endocytosis very similar to receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Event is exhibited b/w rER and Golgi

54
Q

Lysosomal Storage diseases worth knowing:

A
55
Q

THERE IS A WORD DOC ON THE COMPUTER QUICKLY GOING OVER LTPs and ENDOSOMES. GIVE THAT A QUICK READ BEFOREHAND.

A

READ DOC

SGU FTM (9 decks)

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