DM

Question 1

3 keywords for DM

Answer 1

chronic, uncontrolled, hyperglycemia

Question 2

DM is the most common _________ disorder

Answer 2

endocrine

Question 3

DM is an acute/chronic condition?

Answer 3

chronic

Question 4

DM is a group of metabolic disease characterized by inappropriate chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of _____________, _____ and ___________ metabolism resulting from defect in insulin secretion, insulin action or both

Answer 4

carbohydrates, fats and protein

Question 5

DM is a group of metabolic disease characterized by inappropriate chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrates, fats and protein metabolism resulting from defect in ___________, ___________ or both

Answer 5

insulin secretion, insulin action

Question 6

DM is a group of _________ disease characterized by inappropriate chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrates, fats and protein metabolism resulting from defect in insulin secretion, insulin action or both

Answer 6

metabolic

Question 7

Classifications of DM in 1965

Answer 7

based on age and onset of symptoms:
* Infantile or Childhood
* Young
* Adult
* Elderly

Question 8

Classifications of DM in 1985

Answer 8

based on insulin use:
* Insulin dependent DM
* Non-Insulin Dependent DM
* Other Types

Question 9

Classifications of DM in 1999

Answer 9

based on pathophysiology:
* type 1 - insulin dependent
* type 2 - non-insulin dependent

Question 10

Classifications of DM in 2023

Answer 10

• Type 1
• Type 2
• Specific Type
  due to other
  causes
• Gestational
  diabetes

Question 11

identify classification of DM:
Destruction of pancreatic beta cell responsible of insulin production

Answer 11

Type 1

Question 12

identify classification of DM:
Associated with autoimmune disease

Answer 12

Type 1

Question 13

identify classification of DM:
Usually develops in children and young adult

Answer 13

Type 1

Question 14

identify classification of DM:
Associated with a faster onset of symptoms, leading to dependency on extrinsic insulin for survival

Answer 14

Type 1

Question 15

identify classification of DM:
More common type of diabetes

Answer 15

Type 2

Question 16

identify classification of DM:
Occurs in adults older than 40 years

Answer 16

Type 2

Question 17

identify classification of DM:
Peaks onset between 60 and 70
years

Answer 17

Type 2

Question 18

identify classification of DM:
Caused by a relative insulin deficiency and the body’s inability to effectively use insulin

Answer 18

Type 2

Question 19

identify classification of DM:
Symptoms are slower in onset and less marked than the other type of DM

Answer 19

Type 2

Question 20

identify classification of DM:
Hyperglycemia that is first detected during pregnancy, usually diagnosed during the 2nd or 3rd trimester

Answer 20

Gestational diabetes

Question 21

identify classification of DM:
associated with adverse outcomes, including hypertension or pre-eclampsia, fetal macrosomia or fetal death

Answer 21

Gestational diabetes

Question 22

Gestational diabetes is usually diagnosed during the _____ or _____ trimester

Answer 22

2nd or 3rd

Question 23

hypertension during pregnancy

Answer 23

pre-eclampsia

Question 24

condition wherein the weight of the newborn is way heavier than average (4.4pounds or 2kg is the normal wt.; infants with this condition weigh about 9pounds)

Answer 24

fetal macrosomia

Question 25

identify classification of DM: Diabetes is a result of a pre-existing condition

Answer 25

Specific Type due to other causes

Question 26

Specific Type due to other causes may be due to (give 2)

Answer 26

1) pancreatitis 2) immunosuppression (e.g. in HIV/AIDS, organ transplant, CORTICOSTEROID USAGE)

Question 27

cortisol is a hormone that can (increase/decrease) blood glucose

Answer 27

increase

Question 28

type 1 or type 2: Onset is Acute, symptomatic

Answer 28

Type 1

Question 29

type 1 or type 2: Onset is Slow, often asymptomatic; symptoms occur when condition is already chronic

Answer 29

Type 2

Question 30

type 1 or type 2: clinical features include Weight loss, polyuria, polydipsia

Answer 30

Type 1

Question 31

type 1 or type 2: clinical features If symptomatic, Weight loss, polyuria, polydipsia + obese, strong family history of T2DM, PCOS

Answer 31

Type 2

Question 32

T/F symptomatic T2DM have clinical features similar with T1DM

Answer 32

T

Question 33

condition where body burns fat for energy instead of glucose

Answer 33

ketosis

Question 34

type 1 or type 2: ketosis is Almost always present

Answer 34

type 1

Question 35

type 1 or type 2: ketosis is Usually absent

Answer 35

type 2

Question 36

biomarker/indicator of how much insulin your body has

Answer 36

C-peptide

Question 37

type 1 or type 2: C-peptide is Low or absent

Answer 37

type 1

Question 38

type 1 or type 2: C-peptide is Normal or elevated

Answer 38

type 2

Question 39

Islet Cell Antibodies (ICA), ICA 512, Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (Anti-GAD) are examples of _________

Answer 39

Antibodies that prevent the body from producing or secreting insulin

Question 40

type 1 or type 2: Positive: Islet Cell Antibodies (ICA), ICA 512, Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (Anti-GAD)

Answer 40

type 1

Question 41

type 1 or type 2: Negative: Islet Cell Antibodies (ICA), ICA 512, Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (Anti-GAD)

Answer 41

type 2

Question 42

type 1 or type 2: Therapy includes insulin

Answer 42

type 1

Question 43

type 1 or type 2: Therapy includes Lifestyle modification, Oral anti-diabetic agents, Insulin

Answer 43

type 2

Question 44

type 1 or type 2: Associated auto-immune diseases

Answer 44

type 1

Question 45

type 1 or type 2: No Associated auto-immune diseases

Answer 45

type 2

Question 46

hormones that decrease glucose levels

Answer 46

* Insulin * Incretin hormones * Amylin

Question 47

hormones that increase glucose levels

Answer 47

* Counterregulatory hormones

Question 48

identify the hormone: Regulates CHO, CHON and lipid metabolism by promoting glucose uptake into the cell

Answer 48

Insulin

Question 49

identify the hormone: Promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen

Answer 49

Insulin

Question 50

identify the hormone: Facilitates cellular uptake of amino acids

Answer 50

Insulin

Question 51

identify the hormone: Decreases the breakdown of fatty acids into ketone bodies

Answer 51

Insulin

Question 52

identify the hormone: Produced during low glucose levels to increase the amount of glucose in the body

Answer 52

Counterregulatory hormones

Question 53

identify the hormone: Antagonizes insulin effects

Answer 53

Counterregulatory hormones

Question 54

identify the hormone: Promotes conversion of glycogen to glucose

Answer 54

Counterregulatory hormones

Question 55

identify the hormone: glucagon, growth hormones, catecholamines, cortisol

Answer 55

Counterregulatory hormones

Question 56

glucagon is produced by _____

Answer 56

alpha cells in pancreas

Question 57

identify the hormone: Released or secreted after meal or nutrient intake to stimulate release of insulin

Answer 57

Incretin hormones

Question 58

identify the hormone: Inhibits inappropriate glucone secretion and increases beta cell growth and reproduction

Answer 58

Incretin hormones

Question 59

identify the hormone: Suppresses appetite

Answer 59

Incretin hormones & Amylin

Question 60

identify the hormone: Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and Glucagon-like peptides (GLP)

Answer 60

Incretin hormones

Question 61

identify the hormone: Co-secreted with insulin

Answer 61

Amylin

Question 62

identify the hormone: Lowers post-prandial blood glucose level by prolonging the gastric emptying time

Answer 62

Amylin

Question 63

identify the hormone: Reduces post-prandial glucagon secretion

Answer 63

Amylin