DM Flashcards
(23 cards)
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by hyperglycemia.
Leading cause of blindness and end-stage renal disease.
What is a drug that can induce Diabetes Mellitus and how does it affect B cells?
Pyriminil (Rodenticide): loss of B cells.
Other drugs can also have cytotoxic effects or induce insulin resistance.
What is the effect of chronic alcohol on diabetes?
Insulin resistance + B cell dysfunction.
Which medications can cause insulin resistance?
- Atypical antipsychotics (Clozapine & Olanzapine)
- Megestrol acetate
- Nicotinic acid.
What are the hormones that lead to insulin insensitivity?
- Growth hormone
- Glucocorticoids
- Thyroid hormone.
What is the target blood pressure for controlling diabetes in adults?
<140/90.
What is the importance of early diagnosis and treatment in diabetes?
Reduce MICROVASCULAR complications (retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy).
What lifestyle changes can help control diabetes?
- Weight loss
- Reduce sodium
- Increase potassium.
What are the glycemic goals for HBA1C in diabetes management?
HBA1C <7% or <6.5% without significant hypoglycemia.
What are the initial drug choices for managing diabetes?
- ACEI/ARBs
- Aspirin (75-162mg daily).
What is the recommended exercise duration for diabetes patients?
At least 150 min/week of aerobic exercise.
What is the initial insulin dose for Type 1 DM treatment?
0.5-0.6 units/kg/day.
What are the types of insulin and their characteristics?
- Rapid acting: Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine
- Intermediate acting: NPH
- Long acting: Determir, Glargine, Degludec.
What is the role of Pramlintide in diabetes management?
Reduces glucagon secretion and appetite, moderates weight loss.
What is the typical treatment for Type 2 DM with an HbA1c of >7.5%?
Single or combination therapy.
What are the side effects of Metformin?
- Nausea
- Diarrhea
- Lactic acidosis.
What medications are contraindicated in renal or liver failure?
Metformin and TZDs.
What is the mechanism of action for GLP-1 agonists?
- Enhances insulin release after a meal
- Suppresses glucagon
- Decreases appetite.
What are the adverse effects of SGLT2 inhibitors?
- Polyuria
- Increased UTIs and genital infections.
What should be done in cases of DKA or HHS in diabetes?
Give IV continuous insulin infusion and correct electrolytes.
What is the primary goal in diabetes prevention for Type 2?
Decrease weight and fat intake, increase aerobic exercise.
What are the common causes of hypoglycemia in diabetes treatment?
Sulfonylureas and nonsulfonylurea secretagogues.
