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CC Lec Revalida > DM and Methods > Flashcards

DM and Methods Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Increased plasma glucose levels

A

Hyperglycemia

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2
Q

Decreased blood and Urine pH (acidosis)

A

Hyperglycemia

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3
Q

A group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion and/or defects in insulin action

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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4
Q

when glucose concentration exceeds the renal threshold for glucose, which is 160-180 mg/dL

A

Glucosuria

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5
Q

Complications include neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, atherosclerosis, and heart disease

A

diabetes mellitus

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6
Q

Intermediate stage between normal and diabetes mellitus status

A

IMPAIRED FASTING GLUCOSE AND IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE

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7
Q

Formerly IDDM or Juvenile onset DM

A

TYPE 1 DM

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8
Q

Autoimmune destruction of cells

A

TYPE 1 DM

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9
Q

Absolute insulin secretion deficiency

A

TYPE 1 DM

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10
Q

Characteristics:
○ Abrupt onset
○ Insulin dependence
○ Ketotic tendencies

A

TYPE 1 DM

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11
Q

Treatment for Type 1 DM

A

Insulin

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12
Q
  • Episodic insulin requirement
  • Associated with the absence of β-cell
    autoantibodies
  • Idiopathic type 1 DM (former name)
A

Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes (FT1D)

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13
Q

formerly NIDDM or adult onset DM

A

Type 2 DM

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14
Q

due to peripheral resistance to insulin

A

Type 2 DM

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15
Q

Characteristics: adult onset and with milder
symptoms but patients may go into
hyperosmolar coma

A

Type 2 DM

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16
Q

Complications: macrovascular and
microvascular complications

A

Type 2 DM

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17
Q

DM with onset of pregnancy

A

GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS

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18
Q

Associated with increased risk of perinatal
complications and development of DM

A

GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS

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19
Q

Infant may experience severe hypoglycemia

A

GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS

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20
Q

0-hour, then papainumin ng glucose
load, and then kukuha ng dugo sa 1st, 2nd, and 3rd hour

A

1-step: 3-hour OGTT Oral Glucose Tolerance Test)

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21
Q

The patient will not fast, but drink 50g of glucose,
then 1 hour after drinking, collect blood. If the result is 7.8 mmol/L, it is positive for GDM, if not, negative.

A

OGCT Oral Glucose Challenge Test): 1-hour postload of 50-g oral glucose

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22
Q

___ approach is preferred for individuals with high
risk for GDM

A

1-step approach

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23
Q

___ approach is preferred for individuals with low risk for GDM

A

2-step approach

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24
Q

___ of fasting after at least 3 days of
unrestricted diet 150 g carbohydrate per day) and
unlimited physical activity as patient preparation for gdm testing

A

10-16 hours of fasting

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25
Relative insulin deficiency
Type 2 DM
26
Age 45 years: If results are normal, testing should be done every ___ years
3
27
Follow up test for type 2 DM
every 2 years
28
Dominantly inherited disorder of non-insulin dependent diabetes typically diagnosed before 25 years of age
MATURITY-ONSET DIABETES OF THE YOUNG (MODY)
29
Mutations in the GCK and HNF1A
MATURITY-ONSET DIABETES OF THE YOUNG (MODY)
30
What genes does MODY has mutation with?
GCK and HNF1A
31
- “type 1′′ DM patient with no autoantibodies - “type 1′′ DM patient with insulin secretion years beyond diagnosis - “type 2′′ DM patient with normal weight or not significantly overweight and shows no signs of insulin resistance
MATURITY-ONSET DIABETES OF THE YOUNG (MODY)
32
A disease of adults (begins in adulthood)
LATENT AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES OF ADULTS (LADA)
33
Does not need insulin for glycemic control at least in the first six months after diagnosis.
LATENT AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES OF ADULTS (LADA)
34
hares genetic, immunologic, and metabolic features with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus DM
LATENT AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES OF ADULTS (LADA)
35
Type 1.5 DM
LATENT AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES OF ADULTS (LADA)
36
- Age greater than 35 years - Positive autoantibodies to islet beta cells - Insulin independence for at least the initial 6 months after initial diagnosis
LATENT AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES OF ADULTS (LADA)
37
Also known as Type 3c DM
PANCREATOGENIC DIABETES MELLITUS (PDM)
38
Develops as an outcome of a pancreatic disease such as chronic pancreatitis or carcinoma.
PANCREATOGENIC DIABETES MELLITUS (PDM)
38
Also known as infatile diabetes or congenital diabetes.
NEONATAL DIABETES MELLITUS (NDM)
39
A form of monogenic diabetes that occurs in an infant less than 6 months of age.
NEONATAL DIABETES MELLITUS (NDM)
40
Insulin-dependent hyperglycemia that persists longer than a week for neonates
NEONATAL DIABETES MELLITUS (NDM)
41
Most common cause of permanent NDM
Genetic mutations in KCNJ11 and ABCC8
42
Specimens for testing for carbohydrates
Blood, Urine, CSF
43
3 Diagnostic Tests for DM
Fasting blood sugar FBS Fasting blood glucose FBG Fasting plasma glucose FPG
44
Diagnostic Test for DM requires how many hours of fasting, and not exceeding how many hours?
8-10, not exceeding 16 hours
45
Fasting requirement of FBS is not followed if patients request includes ___?
lipid profile analysis.
46
Simple glucose loading to check insulin secretion
Two hour post prandial 2hr PPBS
47
Patients response to a glucose load is tested by measuring the blood glucose levels at specific intervals
Glucose Tolerance Test
48
Done if with defect in GI glucose absorption 25 mg/dL administered IV within 12 minute
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT)
49
Index for long term plasma glucose control
GLYCOSYLATED/GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN (HbA1c)
50
suggested to observe the hypoglycemic “dip which is often not seen until after 3 hour
5-hour glucose tolerance test OGTT
51
Tolbutamide tolerance test
determines fasting hypoglycemia with blood samples drawn at 2 minutes to 2 hours interval 6 specimens) to measure glucose and insulin.
52
determines reactive hypoglycemia by measuring the response of insulin to a “cocktail meal, which is a mixture of carbohydrate, protein, and fats
Mixed-meal tolerance test
53
Enzymatic Methods for Glucose Determination
- Glucose Oxidase - Hexokinase Method
54
Reference method for glucose
Hexokinase Method
55
Non-enzymatic Methods for Glucose determination
- NELSON SOMOGYI - HAGEDORN JENSEN - ORTHOTOLUIDINE - BENEDICTS AND FEHLINGS TESTS
56
Copper reduction method in Glucose determination
NELSON SOMOGYI and BENEDICTS AND FEHLINGS TESTS
57
Measure “true glucose
NELSON SOMOGYI
58
Product in NELSON SOMOGYI
arsenomolybdenum blue
59
Reagent in NELSON SOMOGYI
arsenomolybdic acid
60
Silver reduction method in Glucose determination
HAGEDORN JENSEN
61
Inverse colorimetry in Glucose determination
HAGEDORN JENSEN
62
Product in HAGEDORN JENSEN
Ferrocyanide (colorless)
63
Reagent in HAGEDORN JENSEN
Ferricyanide (yellow)
64
Condensation with aromatic amines in Glucose determination
ORTHOTOLUIDINE
65
Reagent in ORTHOTOLUIDINE
o-toluidine in glacial acetic acid.
66
Product in ORTHOTOLUIDINE
Schiffs base (green)
67
Most specific for non-enzymatic
ORTHOTOLUIDINE
68
Results in BENEDICTS AND FEHLINGS TESTS
deep blue solution to red precipitate
69
Produced by the liver through FA metabolism as energy source when carbohydrates are low
Ketones
70
Early indicator of diabetic kidney disease
Albuminuria
71
Characteristic of Type 1 DM 70%
ISLET AUTOANTIBODY
72
Method used in Insulin Determination
HTRF Sandwich
73
For diagnosis of MODY and LADA
CPeptide ELISA

CC Lec Revalida (2 decks)

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