DNA Flashcards
(31 cards)
What is a mutation?
Permanent alterations in the nucleotide sequence of a genome of an organism.
Main 2 types of mutations.
Gene mutations, Chromosome mutations/aberrations
What are point mutations?
A type of gene mutation, which are small scale and involves only 1 altered nucleotide pair.
What are the 3 types of gene mutations?
Single nucleotide pair substitutions, nucleotide pair insertions / deletions.
What are restriction maps?
They are diagrams depicting the location of restriction sites relative to each other and the distances between these sites.
How many STR markers are used?
13
What are Small Tandem Repeats?
aka. microsatellite DNA. Present in eukaryotic DNA and are non coding sequences where 2 to 6 base pairs are repeated tandemly 100 to 1000 times so the lengths of these repeats vary.
What are the raw materials required for PCR?
Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) - dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP.
Single stranded DNA template
DNA primer
Mg2+
What is the reason for using Taq DNA polymerase during PCR?
It is derived from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus, so it does not denature at the high temperatures used for denaturation of the dsDNA.
What is a DNA fingerprint/genetic profile?
Made up of the unique set of genetic markers of an individual.
What are Vectors?
They are the vehicles that carry the DNA of interest into host cells for multiplication or cloning.
What are recombinant vectors?
Vectors carrying the foreign DNA
What are cloning vectors?
Vectors used in the cloning of DNA.
Gene definition (rdna tech)
It is the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity. it is a sequence of dna usually residing on a particular locus of a particular chromosome that contributes to the development of 1 or more traits by coding for specific proteins or peptides.
What is DNA sequencing?
Process of determining the precise order of bases of nucleotides in the dna molecule.
Explain transformation as a dna delivery system
based on the ability to take up dna from surroundings through the plasma membrane
inefficient. treatments present to increase competency of the host cells
large amounts of DNA and host cells are mixed.
(definition of transformation)
Explain transduction as a dna delivery system
based on the ability of a bacteriophage to infect the host cell. can use various viruses infecting plants and animals to transfer dna to plant and animal cells.
dna is delivered through the normal mode of infection.
dna of interest is incorporated into the viral genome, packaged into the capsid which provides protection. more efficient than transfomration.
explain the procedure when using a gene gun
small particles of heavy metals like gold are coated with large amounts of dna of interest and are shot at high velocities into the host cells.
What is unique about the mode of infection of Agrobacterium? What is this disease called?
It stimulates plant cells to form a tumor and the bacterium lives inside this. it is called crown gall disease
How does a tumor form during the infection of Agrobacterium?
the plant cells are genetically modified by a segment of dna (T-DNA) of a plasmid (Ti plasmid) of the bacterium.
What genes are present in T-DNA?
genes related to pathogenicity and for tumor formation
Why are the left and right border sequences of T-DNA important?
these are required for the transfer of dna into plant cells.
What is needed for the DNA of interest to be copied?
Must be inserted into DNA having an ori site that can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA.
What is a cloning site?
Site in the vector where the DNA to be cloned is inserted.
