DNA Flashcards
(20 cards)
conservative model
the parent strands stay in tact and make pure daughter strand DNA (not how DNA is made)
semi conservative replication
the parent strand is conserved but splits from the other strand and pairs with a new daughter strand
initiation
a
elongation
a
termination
a
template strand
the parent strand from the original parent strand
polymerase
the enzyme that creates polymers
the enzyme looks at the shape and structure of the template to place the proper nucleotide
the nucleotide that comes in has three phosphates to provide the proper amount of energy to allow condensation synthesis to occur
DNA has to be built in a certain direction so the phosphates are in the correct spot. connected 5’ to 3’
replicon
where replication begins in bacteria
replisome
a multi complex of enzymes that carries out DNA synthesis
found at the replication forks
contains helicase which is the enzyme that unwinds and separates
SSBs or single stranded bonding proteins stop hydrogen bonds from reforming after they are broken
DNA gyrase will bind further up the strand to prevent super coiling
DNA polymerase can only attach to a already existing daughter strand
DNA primase can create a short sequence of RNA to allow polymerase to be able to bind and build daughter DNA
beta-subunit, beta-clamp
holds DNA Pol III in place as it synthesizes
DNA plo I
removes and digests nucleotides the RNA primers and replaces them with the appropriate DNA base
binds to the end of the previous fragment then removes and replaces a base one at a time
works with DNA ligase to add the proper phosphates into the gaps
complimentary base pairing
the reading of what complimentary base to pair with its respective base on the other strand
the advantage is that it has less steps to make two copies of DNA
telomeres
repeating sequences at the end of chromosomes so when they shorten genes don’t get cut out just the telomeres get cut out
telomerase is an enzyme that extends the telomeres to protect the coded parts of DNA
condon
the first the letters that code for a certain amino-acid
point mutation
where one base is chained is changed
sense mutation is where a base is changed but it creates the same protein
missense is point mutation where it doesn’t change much in the gene, but there are cases where it is changed a gene drastically
nonsense mutation where the change is by early termination
frame shift?
chromosomal mutation?
operon
is a cluster of genes in prokaryotic cells can create multiple enzymes with one strand making translation more effective
mature MRNA
a 5’ cap is at the end made of Methylated GDP. this helps attach to the ribosome and protect the MRNA
at the 3’ end there is a 3’ poly-A-tail. this protects the three prime end and its length will determine how long the MRNA is able to be used.
RNA splicing involves Exons code for building proteins and are split up with Introns which don’t code for anything so they are cut out to only leave the useful Exons
mature MRNA consists of a 5’ cap, a 3’ tail and only Exons
SnRNP
these are used to cut out the introns and four of them make a spliceozome
t-rna
the three prime end is known as the acceptor end where there is an attached amino acid
the anticodon end hold the complimentary codon so they can bind to a codon
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
the enzyme that attaches the amino acid to the tRNA and makes them charged so when the amino acid breaks off the hydrolysis will release energy giving the next reaction energy
