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Bio 11 > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate, Sugar and Nitrogen

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2
Q

In a single strand of DNA, the phosphate group binds to the (BLANK) of the next group

A

Sugar*

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3
Q

In a strand of DNA, if the percentage of thymine is 30%, what would the percentage of cytosine in the same strand be

A

20%

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4
Q

What was the shape determined of the DNA molecule by James Watson, Francis Crick and Rosalind Franklin?

A

Double Helix

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5
Q

What type of bonds connect the bases together

A

Hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

Why is DNA replication called “semi-conservative”

A

Because each helix created contains one strand from the helix from which it was copied

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7
Q

What enzyme connects the new bases to the old bases in the DNA template

A

DNA polymerase

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8
Q

What enzyme connects the new nucleotides together and proofreads them

A

DNA Liguse

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9
Q

What are the two major stages of protein synthesis

A

Transcription and Translation

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10
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place in the cell

A

The ribosome

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11
Q

Three fields of study that provide indirect evidence for evolution are…

A

Comparative anatomy, Embryology and Unity at Cellular and Molecular levels

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12
Q

What is comparative anatomy?

A

Determining similarities in body structure when compared to organisms

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13
Q

What is embryology

A

Similarities in embryos as they develop

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14
Q

What is unity at cellular and molecular levels?

A

Chemical compounds (DNA, RNA, proteins) are compared

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15
Q

Which part of the DNA codes the proteins?

A

Nitrogen bases

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16
Q

Which parts of DNA form the “backbone” of DNA

A

Sugar and phosphate

17
Q

Name two ways of how DNA differs from RNA

A
  1. sugar is different (DNA=deoxyribose, RNA

2. RNA has uracil instead of thymine

18
Q

what does mRNA do?

A

carries genetic information to ribosome

19
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

A set of proteins to form ribosomes

20
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

It transfers amino acids at the ribosome

21
Q

What is codon

A

3 nitrogen bases on mRNA

22
Q

What’s the difference between Transcription and Translation

A

Transcription is located at the nucleus and produces mRNA

Translation is located at the ribosome and produces polypeptide

23
Q

Define Stabilizing selection

A

When the average phenotype is favoured and becomes more common and extremes die off

24
Q

Define directional selection

A

Individuals showing a single trend increasing over generations

25
Q

Define disruptive selection

A

When all average phenotypes are eliminated and the extreme phenotype is favoured

26
Q

What are the levels of Taxonomy?

A 
Kingdom 
Phylum 
Class
Order
Family 
Genus
Species
27
Q

What are each of the 6 kingdoms?

A 
Eubacteria 
Animalia 
Protista
Fungi 
Planate 
Archaebacteria
28
Q

What is macroevolution

A

Macroevolution is accumulation if small changes over a long period of time leading to big changes in populations where some species may die off and new species may emerge

29
Q

What is microevolution?

A

Microevolution is on smaller scale of change from generation to generation in frequency of alleles within a population

30
Q

What was Lamarck’s Theory on evolution?

A

Evolution occurs when certain characteristics are highly used and will be passed on to the next generation

31
Q

What was Darwin’s theory on evolution?

A

Only the organism which are better adapted to the environment can survive and pass its gene to the next generation

32
Q

What are the steps for Transcription?

A
  1. Unzipping the DNA
  2. Complimentary base pairing
  3. Joining of nucleotides
33
Q

What is the process of Translation?

A
  1. Initiation: Ribosome starts reading mRNA of AUGcodon which codes for methionine (start codes)
  2. Elongation: tRNA keeps bringing amino-acids one at a time to the ribosome mRNA
  3. Termination: when the ribosome reads a stop codon, the process of translation will end

Bio 11 (5 decks)

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