DNA and RNA

Question 1

NA contains information coded in the sequence of its ____ ____. It is able to ___ ___, which is important for cell division and therefore ____.

Answer 1

base pairs, self replicate, reproduction

Question 2

DNA Is ____ and result in the alteration of the ____ it produces, and therefore the organism’s ____. Changes in DNA are usually stable and ___ __ from generations. This provides the basis for ____

Answer 2

mutable, proteins, characteristics, passed down, evolution

Question 3

The idea that DNA is transcribed into RNA, RNA is translated into proteins and that DNA is able to self replicate

Answer 3

Central dogma of molecular genetics

Question 4

A nucleotide is composed of a _____ bonded to both a ___ group and a ___ ___. The phosphate and sugar form a _____ with the bases arranged as ___ __ off the chain

Answer 4

deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogenous base, chain, side groups

Question 5

Purine bases

Answer 5

Adenine, guanine

Question 6

Pyrimidine bases

Answer 6

Cytosine, thymine

Question 7

___ are larger than _____ because they possess a ____ nitrogenous base, whereas pyrimidines have ______ nitrogenous base.

Answer 7

purines, pyrimidines, two-ring, one-ring

Question 8

If the ___ strand is at the end of the DNA strand, the end is referred to as the ____ end and likely for the ___ end.

Answer 8

5’ 5’, 3’

Question 9

DNA are found as ___ ___ held together by ___ __ between the bases oriented towards the center.

Answer 9

double-stranded helices, hydrogen bonds

Question 10

T forms ___ H bonds with ___, while ___ forms ___ H bonds with C.

Answer 10

2, A, G, 3

Question 11

DNA has one strand with a ____ end pointing up and the other strand with its ___ pointing up, resulting in a _______ arrangement. This is known as the ____ ___ ___

Answer 11

5’, 3’ antiparallel, watson-crick DNA model

Question 12

In order to replicate, the double stranded DNA helix must ___ and separate into two strands. This involves uncoiling the strands by _____, and breaking the _____ ___ between the nitrogenous bases of each nucleotide by ___ ____. The opening in the DNA molecule created is known as the ____ ____

Answer 12

unwind, topoisomerase, H bonds, DNA helicase, replication fork

Question 13

Each single strand can act as a ____ for complementary base pairing and allows for the synthesis of two new daughter strands. Each new daughter helix contains an ____ strand from the parent helix and a ___ ____ strand. This type of replication is called _____. The daughter strands of DNA formed from the parent strand are ___ to the parent strands.

Answer 13

template, intact, newly synthesized, semiconservative, identical

Question 14

___ _____ reads the parent DNA strand and creates a ____, ____ daughter strand This protein always reads the parent strand in the ______ direction, creating a new daughter strand in the _____ direction.

Answer 14

DNA polymerase, complementary, antiparallel, 3’-5’, 5’-3’

Question 15

One daughter strand is the ___ _____. This leading strand is ______ synthesized by DNA polymerase, which attaches nucleotides to the exposed ___’ end of the parent strand and follows the ___ ___ to the 5’ end.

Answer 15

leading strand, continuously, 3’, replication fork

Question 16

The other strand is called the ___ ___ and is synthesized ____ because the __ end of the parent strand is the one exposed. Therefore, DNA polymerase which can only read in the _____ direction, must continually reattach to the ______ ends of the parent strand since these ends are continuously exposed as new section of helices _____. The short fragments that result from this discontinuous synthesis are known as ___ ___, and are joined by ____ ____

Answer 16

lagging, discontinuously, 5’ 3’-5’ 3’ unwind, okazaki fragments, DNA ligase

Question 17

In RNA the nucleosides are identical except for _____, which is replaced with ____

Answer 17

thymine, uracil

Question 18

DNA is first transcribed into ___ and arranged into ____, also known as ____. These are then translated into ___ ___.

Answer 18

mRNA, triplets, codons, amino acids

Question 19

There are ___ amino acids that can be formed from all possible combinations of the four nucleosides. A sequence of ___ consecutive bases codes for a particular amino acid. This genetic code is ____ for almost all organisms.

Answer 19

20, 3, universal

Question 20

Given that ____ different codons are possible based on the ___ code and ___ possible nucleotides, and only 20 amino acids need to be coded, most amino acids have more than ___ codon coding for them. This is referred to as the ______/___ of the genetic code

Answer 20

64, triplet, 4, 1, degeneracy, redundancy

Question 21

RNA is made up of ____, contains ___, and is usually _____

Answer 21

ribose, thymine, single-stranded

Question 22

____ carries the complement of a DNA sequence, and it transports this complement from the ___ or the ___ for protein synthesis. mRNA is ______ meaning that one mRNA strand codes for one ______

Answer 22

mRNA, nucleus, ribosomes, monocistronic, polypeptide

Question 23

_____ is a small RNA molecule found in the ____ which assists in the translation of mRNA’s nucleotide code into a sequence of amino acids. It brings the ___ ___ coded for in the mRNA sequence to the ribosomes during protein synthesis. tRNA has a ____ structure. One end contains a 3 nucleotide sequence called the ____ which is complementary to one of each of the mRNA codons. The other end is the site of _____ of the corresponding amino acid. Each amino acid has its own _____ _____, which has an active site that binds to both the amino acid tRNA, catalyzing their attachment to form and ______ complex. There is at least ___ type of tRNA for each amino acid, and ___ known types of tRNA

Answer 23

tRNA, cytoplasm, amino acid, 3D, anticodon, attachment, aminoacyl-tRNA synthase, aminoacyl-tRNA, 1, 40

Question 24

_____ is a structural component of ribosomes and is the most ___ of all RNA types. The mRNA sequence passes through two ___ of the rRNA structure and is translated into amino acids at this time. rRNA is synthesized in the ____

Answer 24

rRNA, abundant, subunits, nucleolus

Question 25

____ is the process through which information coded in the base sequence of DNA is used to direct the synthesis of a strand of ____, which then leaves the nucleus through ___ ___.

Answer 25

transcription, mRNA, nuclear pores

Question 26

Each human chromosome is a long strand of _____ that is used to make ____ different sequences of ____. Therefore, ___ are much shorter than DNA molecules since only a segment of the original DNA strand is used as a template.

Answer 26

DNA, 1000, RNA, RNA

Question 27

The first step of transcription occurs when ___ ____ binds to the DNA at a ___ ___, a short DNA sequence found ___ from the site where transcription of a specific RNA is going to take place. In humans this is most commonly a _____ ____

Answer 27

RNA polymerase, promoter region, upstream, TATA box

Question 28

___ ___ then help RNA polymerase ____ to the DNA molecule and initiate transcription. RNA polymerase surrounds the DNA molecule after it has been ____ by DNA helicase and ____. The RNA polymerase then recruits and adds ____ ___ ___ based on the DNA sequence.

Answer 28

transcription factors, bind, opened, topoisomerase, complementary RNA nucleotides

Question 29

RNA reads DNA in the ___ direction and creates a new daughter strand of RNA In the ___ direction. The RNA sequence is ___ to the original DNA sequence except that A binds with ____.

Answer 29

3'-5', 5'-3' complementary, U

Question 30

RNA uses a slightly different sugar backbone than DNA< with an oxygen on ____, instead of _____

Answer 30

C-2, deoxyribose

Question 31

After transcription is complete, RNA is known as ____ ___ or ____, and contains extra ___ that are not necessary to create the corresponding protein. These extra sequences are called ____. ____ are the nucleotides necessary to make the protein the introns are ____ out by the _____, leaving the exons behind. Additionally a ___ __ and a series of adenines known as a ____ ___ are added to the ends of the new molecule to provide protection from ___ __ once the RNA leaves the nucleus

Answer 31

hetero-nuclear RNA, pre-RNA, nucleotides, introns, exons, spliced, spliceosome, guanine cap, poly-a tail, enzymatic degradation

Question 32

Translation occurs in the ___ and involves ___, __, ___, __ ___, ___ and other proteins. It can be divided into ___ distinct stages

Answer 32

cytoplasm, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, amino acids, enzymes, 4

Question 33

___ of transcription begins when the ribosome binds to the mRNA near its ___ end. The ribosome scans the mRNA until it binds to a ___ ____, which is ____. The initiator aminoacyl-tRNA complex, ___ ____, base pairs with the start codon. This contains the anticodon _____

Answer 33

initiation, 5' start codon, AUG, methionine tRNA, 3'-UAC-5'

Question 34

In ____, ___ ___ form between the mRNA codon in the A site of the ribosome and its complementary ____ on the incoming ____ complex. A peptide bond is formed between the amino acid attached to the _____ in the A site and the amino acid attached to the tRNA in the ___ site of the ribosome. After, a ribosome carries ____ ___ in the p site and ____ ____ in the A site

Answer 34

elongation, h bonds, anticodon, aminoacyl-TRNA, tRNA, P, uncharged rTNA, peptidal-tRNA

Question 35

The translation cycle is completed by ___, which the ribosome advances ____ nucleotides along the mRNA in the ___ direction. In a concurrent action, the uncharged ___ from the p site is ___ and the peptidal tRNA from the A site moves into the ___ site. The ribosome then has an empty A site ready for entry of the ______ corresponding to the next codon

Answer 35

translocation, 3, 5'-3' tRNA, expelled, P, aminoacyl-TRNA

Question 36

Polypeptide synthesis undergoes ___ when one of the 3 special ____ _____, ____, ___ or ____, arrives in the A site. These signals code to ____ translation, they do not code for amino acids. Frequently, numerous ribosomes simultaneously translate a ____ mRNA molecule, forming a structure known as a _____

Answer 36

termination, stop codons, UAA, UAG, UGA, terminate, single, polyribosome

Question 37

After the release of the protein from the ribosome, the protein immediate assumes its ________ ___ ___. This is determined by the __ __ of amino acids. Additional ___ and ___ structural folding occurs based on this sequence as well. Furthermore, the polypeptide chains can form _____ and ______ _____ with ____ bonds. The result is a functional protein or complex of multiple proteins

Answer 37

3D native conformation, primary sequence, secondary, tertiary, intramolecular, intermolecular cross-bridges, disulfide

Question 38

Ribosomes are composed of _____ subunits. one small and one large, each consisting of ___ and _____. They bind together only during __ ___.

Answer 38

2, rRNA, proteins, protein synthesis

Question 39

Ribosomes have 3 binding sites: the _____ site, or the aminoacyl-tRNA complex binding site, the _____ site, where the tRNA is then transferred, and tRNA contributes its amino acid to the growing _____ ___, and finally the ___ site, where the tRNA is released

Answer 39

a, p, polypeptide chain, e

Question 40

Humans and bacteria have different types of ____ that make up their ribosomes. This a difference that drug manufacturers capitalize on when designing ____. Many of these target only the ribosomal structures specific to ___ thereby leaving human cells ____

Answer 40

subunits, antibiotics, bacteria, unharmed