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DMD 5242 > DNA And RNA > Flashcards

DNA And RNA Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Nucleoside

A

Sugar and base

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2
Q

How to break down polymers

A

Hydrolysis

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3
Q

How to make polymers

A

Condensation/hydrolysis

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4
Q

Directionality of DNA

A

5’-3’ anti parallel strands

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5
Q

Hydrophobicity of DNA

A

Backbone - hydrophilic

Bases - hydrophobic

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6
Q

Pyrimidines

A

C, U, T

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7
Q

Purines

A

A G

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8
Q

Structure of adenine

A

Two ring with nh2 substituent

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9
Q

Structure of guanine

A

Two ring with carboxy substituent

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10
Q

Structure of thymine

A

Single ring with methyl group and carboxy substituent

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11
Q

Structure of cytosine

A

Single ring with nh2 substituent

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12
Q

Structure of uracil

A

Single ring with carboxy substituent (like thymine with no methyl)

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13
Q

How do bases link?

A

Phosphodiester bonds bt 3’ and 5’ carbon

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14
Q

Hydrogen bonding in DNA

A

A to T has 2 h bonds

G to C has 3 h bonds

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15
Q

How is DNA denatured

A

Heat, pH change, DNA rep

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16
Q

Tm

A

Temperature where half of the DNA denatures

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17
Q

Hershey and chase

A

DNA, not protein, carries genetic info

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18
Q

Meselson and stahl

A

Semi conservative model of DNA synthesis

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19
Q

Nucleosome

A

146 bp wrapping around an octomer of histones

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20
Q

Does DNA synthesis have high fidelity?

A

Yes, error rate 1 in 10^9-10^10

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21
Q

DnaA

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A

Promotes denaturation by making a bubble

22
Q

DNA helicase

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A

Unwinds DNA by binding ssDNA

23
Q

ssDNA bp

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A

Keeps DNA single stranded

24
Q

Topoisomerase

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A

Cuts strands to relieve coiling

25
Primase
Synthesizes RNA primers to prime DNA synthesis
26
DNA polymerase
Replicates DNA
27
Ligase
Links DNA (Okazaki fragments) with phosphodiester bonds
28
T or F. DNA synthesis is bidirectional.
Yes. Both strands, 5' - 3', at the replication fork
29
DNA pol I
DNA polymerase activity 3 - 5 exonuclease activity mediates proofreading 5 - 3 exonuclease activity that can remove RNA primer and repair DNA
30
DNA pol III
DNA polymerase activity 3 - 5 exonuclease activity mediates proofreading Super high processivity (does most of the adding)
31
What does exonuclease activity mean?
Can hydrolyzes phosphodiester bonds and can fix and proofread
32
Roles of RNA
Transmit genetic info Store genetic info Catalyze large macromolecules (rRNA and snRNA) Gene regulation (mi/siRNA)
33
Non template strand
Coding strand of DNA. The mRNA strand will look like this but with u instead of t
34
Template strand
Non coding strand of DNA. This is the strand the mRNA will be made from.
35
Polycistronic
Refers to prok mRNA in that it will contain info for more than one polypeptide chain
36
Monocistronic
Refers to euk mRNA in that it contains info for only one polypeptide chain
37
Parts of tRNA
Acceptor stem - charged and where AA is linked Anticodon loop - base pairs with codon on mRNA Unique nucleotide bases
38
Transcription
DNA to mRNA | Bidirectional, depending on which strand is the template strand
39
RNA polymerase (prokaryotic)
Do not require a primer No proofreading Holoenzyme
40
Holoenzyme
Sigma and core enzyme | Sigma factor binds to promoting region
41
Promoting region (prokaryotes)
-35 and -10 bases upstream the start of transcription | TATA box
42
Initiation steps of transcription (proks)
Sigma binds to promoter region of DNA Sigma opens DNA helix Sigma leaves, mRNA continues to synthesize (elongation)
43
Termination of transcription (proks)
Hairpin forms and pinches off of RNA pol
44
Differences in eukaryotic transcription
No sigma factors, but transcription factors 3 RNA polymerases In nucleus Processing with 5' capping, splicing, and 3' polyadenylation
45
Euk rRNA processing
Ribonucelases cleave preribosomal RNA to give different sizes of rRNA
46
Euk mRNA processing
5' cap - maintain stability, exit nucleus, efficient translation Polyadenylation - transcription termination, translation, stability, exit nucleus, endonuclease and polyadenylate polymerase will synthesize RNA beyond cleavage site Splicing - get introns out
47
Spliceosome
Recognizes introns and exons and will cut and paste exons | Boundary bt introns and exons is very GC rich
48
Alternative splicing
Producing 2+ proteins from a single gene | Individual genes express multiple mRNAs
49
Reverse transcriptase
Makes DNA from viral RNA | Very error prone and high mutation rate = drug resistance
50
Nucleotide
Sugar, phosphate, base

DMD 5242 (8 decks)

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