DNA, Cell Cycle, Mutations, and Protein Synthesis

Question 1

spindle fibers align the chromosomes line up at the equator (middle) of the cell

Answer 1

Mitosis- Metaphase

Question 2

DNA condenses into chromosomes, nucleus breaks down

Answer 2

Mitosis- Prophase

Question 3

Final preparation for cell division

Answer 3

Interphase- G2 phase

Question 4

Chromosomes arrive at the opposite ends of the cell; the nucleus reforms

Answer 4

Mitosis- Telophase

Question 5

Cell is undergoing normal growth and development

Answer 5

Interphase- G1 phase

Question 6

Division of the cytoplasm; cell splits into two cells

Answer 6

Cytokinesis

Question 7

Sister chromatids are pulled apart

Answer 7

Mitosis- Anaphase

Question 8

Cell preparing for division; DNA replicates

Answer 8

Interphase- S phase

Question 9

What is the order of mitosis?

Answer 9

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Question 10

What is the end result of mitosis and cytokinesis?

Answer 10

2 identical daughter cells

Question 11

What is a diploid?

Answer 11

2 sets of chromosomes - 1 from mom set and 1 from dad set

Question 12

What are mutations?

Answer 12

change in DNA sequence

Question 13

What causes mutations?

Answer 13

Environmental factors; for example toxic chemicals, X-rays, UV radiation, infectious agents, these factors are called mutagens

Question 14

What is point mutation?

Answer 14

is a change in a single nucleotide in a gene

Question 15

What is frameshift mutation?

Answer 15

involves one or more nucleotide changes. Changes the entire protein

Question 16

How is it possible that a mutation may have no effect?

Answer 16

It made changes in one nucleotide or nitrogen base, so it doesn’t change the amino acid, same AA, same protein

Question 17

What is cancer?

Answer 17

uncontrolled growth of cells

Question 18

When is a gene mutation passed to your offspring?

Answer 18

Gametes- yes, sex cells are passed on
Somatic- no, body cells are not

Question 19

What is a germ line cell?

Answer 19

A cell that will develop into a gamete precursor cell. Once the reproductive cells develop they migrate and take up residence inside egg-producing ovaries or sperm-producing testes.

Question 20

What makes DNA different that RNA?

Answer 20

• double-stranded
• deoxyribose
• base pair-rule: A=T G=C
• stay in the nucleus
• genetic info

Question 21

What makes RNA different that DNA?

Answer 21

• single-stranded
• ribose
• base pair-rule: A=U G=C
• leaves the nucleus and goes into the cytoplasm
• helps make proteins
• with genetic info

Question 22

What do DNA and RNA have in common?

Answer 22

• nucleic acid
• monomer: nucleotide
• make proteins

Question 23

What does mRNA do?

Answer 23

writes or transcribes genetic information from DNA in the nucleus, then carries it to cytoplasm, to a ribosome

Question 24

What does a tRNA do?

Answer 24

carries and transfers the amino acid to the mRNA in a ribosome

Question 25

What are the two processes in synthesizing a protein?

Answer 25

1. transcription- mRNA is created from DNA. RNA polymerase unwinds/unzips DNA and attaches RNA nucleotides, mRNA (the message) leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome. 2. translation- rRNA translates the message using tRNA that transfers the amino acid

Question 26

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

Answer 26

unzips DNA and add nucleotides to mRNA

Question 27

What is a ribosome?

Answer 27

subcellular particle consisting of 2 parts assembled by the nucleous, it serves as the site of protein synthesis

Question 28

What is a protein?

Answer 28

proteins/polypeptides are polymers that are made up of 100's of amino acids bound together by ribosomes

Question 29

What are simple definitions of transcribing and translation?

Answer 29

transcribe: transfer information from a strand of DNA to a strand of RNA translate: transfer of information on mRNA into a protein (polypeptide) by a ribosome

Question 30

What is a chromosome?

Answer 30

called strands of DNA and proteins. Contain the genes of the organism

Question 31

What did Fredrick Griffith do?

Answer 31

developed the transforming principles, genetic material is transferred between one organism to the next

Question 32

What did Erwin Chargaff do?

Answer 32

discovered the base-pairing rules, the amount of A=T C=G

Question 33

What did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins do?

Answer 33

used Xray crystallography to discover DNA is a double helix

Question 34

James Watson and Francis Crick do?

Answer 34

used Franklin's picture to build the first model of DNA

Question 35

What type of organic molecule is DNA? (monomer, dimer, polymer)?

Answer 35

nucleic acid, monomer=nucleotides, dimer=2 nucleotides, and polymer=entire DNA molecule

Question 36

What is the subunit/monomer of DNA?

Answer 36

nucleotide

Question 37

What type of sugar is found in DNA?

Answer 37

deoxyribose

Question 38

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Answer 38

phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen base (ATCG)

Question 39

How are nitrogen bases held together?

Answer 39

hydrogen bonds

Question 40

What is the function of DNA?

Answer 40

contains the genetic information to make protein in the body

Question 41

If all living organisms have DNA, how can life be so diverse?

Answer 41

the sequence (order) of the bases in DNA

Question 42

Where is DNA located in a eukaryotic cell and where in a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 42

- nucleus - free floating (nucleoid region)

Question 43

Why do cells need to replicate their DNA?

Answer 43

so that in cell division, when one cell duplicates into two cells, the new cells has DNA

Question 44

What are the steps in order of DNA replication?

Answer 44

1. helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases 2. DNA polymerase begins to add nucleotides to the two sides 3. 2 identical, semiconservative strands are provided

Question 45

What are the two main enzymes that help during DNA replication and what are their functions? (all enzymes are proteins but not all proteins are enzymes)

Answer 45

helicase- breaks the hydrogen bonds DNA polymerase- builds the new DNA strands

Question 46

Where does the DNA strand split into two for DNA replication?

Answer 46

nucleus, between the nitrogen bases

Question 47

What does it mean for cell replication to be semi-conservative?

Answer 47

half of the DNA is from the original and the other half is newly built DNA

Question 48

Why does cell division occur?

Answer 48

to help the organism grow and develop

Question 49

What are chromosomes, chromatin, and chromatids?

Answer 49

chromosomes are the whole structure and are two coiled chromatids, chromatids are one of the strands that make up a chromosome, and chromatin is what the chromosomes are made up of and what is in interphase before chromosomes

Question 50

What occurs in all of the stages of the cell cycle?

Answer 50

G1 phase: growth, protein synthesis S phase: DNA replication G2 phase: growth, preparation for division M phase: nuclear division

Question 51

What type of cell undergo mitosis?

Answer 51

Body cells

Question 52

What is the difference between cytokinesis in plant cells and animal cells?

Answer 52

cell plate=animals cells, becomes cell walls

Question 53

What causes cancer?

Answer 53

uncontrolled cell division