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DMD 5242 > DNA/DNA synthesis (complete) > Flashcards

DNA/DNA synthesis (complete) Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

What is on the 5’ end of a DNA strand

A

a free phosphate

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2
Q

What is on the 3’ end of a DNA strand

A

an OH

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3
Q

In which direction are nucleic acids named

A

5’ to 3’

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4
Q

are the two strand of a double stranded DNA parallel or antiparallel

A

antiparallel

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5
Q

what kind of bonds exist between bases that are on opposite DNA strands

A

hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

The DNA helix is right or left handed

A

right

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7
Q

What is the shape of the pyramidines

A

a six carbon ring

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8
Q

what is the shape of the purines

A

a six carbon ring bound to a five carbon ring

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9
Q

Which bases are pyrimidines

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

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10
Q

Which bases are purines

A

Adenine

Guanine

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11
Q

What is the structure of cytosine

A

a pyrimidine with -NH2

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12
Q

What is the structure of Thymine

A

a pyrimidine with -CH3

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13
Q

What is the structure of Uracil

A

a pyrimidine without -NH2 or -CH3

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14
Q

What is the structure of Adenine

A

the purine without the carbonyl

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15
Q

what is the structure of guanine

A

purine with the carbonyl

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16
Q

What is a nucleoside

A

a sugar and a base

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17
Q

what is a nucleotide

A

a sugar, base and phosphate group

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18
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide

A

sugar
base
phosphate group

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19
Q

how many phosphates can be on a nucleotide

A

0-3 (nucleoside if it has 0)

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20
Q

What is the difference between the sugar of DNA and RNA

A

the c-2 location has an OH in RNA

the c-2 location just has an H in DNA

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21
Q

Which of the Bases (A, T, G, C, U) bind together

A

A–T (in DNA)
C–G
A–U (in RNA)

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22
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are between A–T

A

two

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23
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are between C–G

24
Q

what kind of bonds connect nucleotides together

Study These Flashcards
A

phosphodiester bonds

25
which part of DNA is hydrophilic, which part is hydrophobic
``` the backbone (sugar and phosphate) is hydrophilic the bases are hydrophobic ```
26
What are the two types of Grooves in DNA
major and minor
27
why are major and minor grooves significant
because enzymes likely enter and act upon the DNA through the major grooves
28
Where is the new phosphodiester bond created when two nucleotides bind together
it is formed between the phosphate group off of the 5-C of one nucleotide, to the 3-C of the next
29
which base pairs are harder to separate A--T or C--G
C--G because they have one more H bond between them
30
what three things can denature DNA
1. Heat 2. pH changes 3. DNA replication
31
What did Hershey and Chase discover
that it was the DNA, not the protein, that held the genes
32
What are histones
proteins that help condense DNA into chromosomes
33
What did Meselson and Stahl discover
that DNA synthesis is semi conservative
34
what does it mean that DNA synthesis is semi conservative
That for each generation of DNA made, there is one new strand and one old strand.
35
at the replication fork is DNA synthesis bidirectional
yes
36
What are the two types of strands in DNA synthesis
a leading strand | a lagging strand
37
in which direction is DNA synthesized
5' to 3'
38
does DNA synthesis require a primer
yes
39
does DNA synthesis have high or low processivity
high
40
is DNA synthesis fairly accurate (doesn't make many mistakes)
It is very very accurate
41
What are the 7 enzymes used in DNA synthesis
1. DNA-A 2. DNA helicase 3. Single stranded DNA binding protein 4. Topoisomerase 5. primase 6. DNA polymerase 7. ligase
42
What is the function of DNA-A
it creates the replication bubble, begins to denature DNA
43
What is the function of helicase
to continue to denature DNA (after DNA-A), unzips the double stranded DNA
44
What is the function of single stranded DNA binding protein
to make sure that the two single strands of DNA in the replication fork done reanneal
45
What is the function of Topoisomerase
to release the tension on the DNA coil that is caused by helicase unwinding the double strand (it cuts, untwists, and puts the strands back together)
46
What is the function of primase
it lays down an RNA primer so that DNA polymerase can do it's work
47
what is the function of DNA polymerase
replicates DNA (brings the Bases into place and forms a new DNA strand)
48
what is the function of ligase
links unconneced strands of the new DNA together
49
What are the different types of DNA polymerase we talked about
DNA polymerase 1 | DNA polymerase 3
50
What does DNA polymerase 1 do
1. removes RNA primer and puts DNA in it's place 2. proofreading 3. regular polymerase activity
51
What does DNA polymerase 3 do
1. Most of the polymerase activity is done with #3 | 2. it also does proofreading
52
Why does DNA polymerase 3 do most of the DNA synthesizing
because it is the fastest, and the most processive
53
what does processivity measure
how many nucleotides can be added before the enzyme dissociates
54
what are the two sites of DNA polymerase 1
``` polymerase active site Exonuclease site (proofreading) ```
55
what are the two ways DNA polymerase can remove bases
5'-->3' removes RNA primers | 3'-->5' removes misincorporated bases
56
What are the differences between the leading and lagging strand
leading strand: one long molecule single RNA primer adds 5'-->3' moving toward the replication fork lagging strand: many short (okazaki) fragments many RNA primers adds 5' -->3' moving away from the replication fork

DMD 5242 (10 decks)

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