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DNA experiments Flashcards

1
Q

before DNA scientist thought and why

A

protein was genetic material because many more combs (2o AA) and chromosoes have DNA and protiens

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2
Q

genes control

A

protein synthesis

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3
Q

why did scientist think that DNA is not unique and protein is

A

because DNA only has 4 neucletides

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4
Q

Frederick Griffith

A

smooth and rough bacteria in mice (DNA transformation)

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5
Q

griffith Bacteria

A

pneumococcus

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6
Q

S (smooth bacteria)

A

virulent (lethal)
Mice – pneumonia - death

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7
Q

(R) rough strain –

A

avirulent
Mice survive

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8
Q

Heat killed (S) strain

A

Mice survive

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9
Q

Heat killed (S) + live (R)

A

Mice died
Found living (S) in dead mice

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10
Q

transformation

A

type of permanent genetic change where the properties of 1 strain of dead cells are conferred on a different strain of living cells

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11
Q

griffith came up with what principle

A

“transforming principle” was transferred from dead to living cells

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12
Q

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty

A

Identified Griffith’s transforming principle as DNA
(just went farther with his reseracch)

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13
Q

Live (R) + purified DNA from (S) =
in avery experiemnt

A

🡪 R cells transformed

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14
Q

R + (S) DNA →

A

mouse dead

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15
Q

R + (S) protein→

A

live

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16
Q

DNA responsible for

A

transformation

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17
Q

scentist still didnt belive griffith and avery,macleod, maccarthy bcuz

A

they still belive that ther could of been cross contamination and som protine got inot the dna sample

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18
Q

Hershey and Chase

A

Bacteriophages and blender

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19
Q

Radioactive labels
for hershey and chase

A

Viral protein – sulfur
Viral DNA - phosphorus

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20
Q

quick procedure of hershey and chase experiment

A

infect bacteria, agitate in blender, centrifuge

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21
Q

what did hershey and chase find in sulfur sample

A

all radioactivity in supernatant (not in cells)

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22
Q

phosphorus sample

A

radioactivity in pellet (inside cells)

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23
Q

bacteriophages inject DNA into bacteria, leaving

A

proteinon outside

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24
Q

Rosalind Franklin (in lab of Wilkins)

A

X-ray diffraction on crystals of purified DNA
(found shape of DNA ) (HELIX SHAPE)

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25
rosalind determined
Determine distance between atoms of molecules arranged in a regular, repeating crystalline structure Helix structure Nucleotide bases like rungs on ladder
26
James Watson and Francis Crick – 1953
made actual model of Dna DNA now widely accepted as genetic material
27
Took all available info on DNA and put together Showed
DNA can carry info for proteins Serve as own template for replication
28
meselson and stahl
experiment to test the possible models of DNA replication. Grew bacteria in a heavy isotope of Nitrogen (15N), then transferred to light nitrogen.demonstrated that DNA replicated semi-conservatively,
29
be able to explain how mutagens can be passed on
write on paper memorize
30
DNA replication diagram (semiconservative model be able to explan it )
parent molecule strands separate the daughter DNA molecules will each contain one parental strand and one new strand
31
what are the 7 steps of DNA replication
1.DNA helicase 2.helix-destabilizing proteins (SSB) 3.topoisomerases 4.RNA primer 5.DNA polymerase 6.Origin of replication 7.DNA ligase
32
1. DNA helicase
separates the 2 strands of DNA ("unzipping) (takes apart hydrogen bonds between base pair
33
2. Helix-destabilizing proteins
bind to single DNA strands,prevents reforming of the double helix (they stabilize it open)
34
3. topoisomerases
prevents knots/tangling/supercoiling -tightning
35
4. RNA primer
made first at origin of replication
36
DNA polymerases can only add new nucleotides to a
existing DNA chain
37
DNA polymerase can add nucleotides base pairs to
original DNA template
38
RNA primer makes
primase (make DNA polymerase)
39
Primase will be displaced by DNA polymerase after the
1st few nucleotides or primer as added
40
Primers are later
degrade by enzymes and filled with DNA (so there is a cont. DNA nucleotide sequence)
41
5. DNA polymerase
Polymers make DNA. it adds nucleotides to the 3' end (where hydroxyl is )
42
DNA always grows in
5' to 3' direction
43
6. Origin of replication
this is where you get a replication bubble it will get a y shaped fork
44
leading strand
nucleotides continuously added to 3' end thoward fork
45
lagging strand
nucleotides add to 3' prime end going away from fork_____> get short pieces of DNA
46
okazaki fragments
discontinuous,get short pieces of DNA
47
7.DNA ligase
joins fragments (links 3' OH of one to 5' phosphate of another =phosphodiester linkage) DNA ligase is going to seal up the sugar phosphate backbone and the ladder between the bases (ACTG) will form again
48
the bubbles in DNA
at the origin as replication happens proceeds in both directions you will end up with multiple bubbles along the same DNA strands then all of the bubbles will end up coming together then the 2 daughter DNA molecules separated in to two separate strands the bubble allows replication to go faster and make it more efficient since the DNA is larger makes separation of strand to go quicker
49
why are there little fragments while adding nucleotides to DNA strands
little fragments because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides on to the 3' and DNA is anti-parallel so they go opp sides
50
the proteins that participate in DNA replication form a large complex
DNA replication machine
51
the DNA replication machine may be stationary during the
replication process
52
what proofreads newly made DNA and replaces any incorrect nucleotides
DNA polymerases
53
In mismatch pairs of DNA
repair enzymes correct errors in base pairing
54
DNA can be damaged by
exposure to harmful chemical or physical agents (cigarettes and x-rays) it can also undergo spontaneous changes
55
In nucleotides excision repair
a nuclease cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of DNA
56
eveloitionary sig. of altered DNA nucleotides
these changes (mutations) are the source of the genetic variation upon which natural selection operates
57
telomeres
caps end of chromosome:short non-coding sequences repeated many times they are peotectants so no DNA info is lost when DNA is replicated so many times
58
lagging strands is discont., so DNA polymerase unable to complete replication leaving small parts unreplicated
small parts are lost with each cycle
59
germ cells
sex cells
60
telemorase
catalyzing the length of teleomere ( extends out lengthens and adds)
61
shortening Telomoer and cancer
telemoers can stop growing and parts of DNA can get lost and stop replicating so certian cells can stop replicatign which can help not spread cancer (Its good)
62
DNA+protiens=
chromosomes
63
BActeria chromosome
double stranded,circular, DNA +small amount of protien DNA is supercoiled in nucleotide
64
eukaryotic chromosomes
liner DNA molecules and large amount of protiens chromatin (DNA + Protien) in nucleus
65
Histones
DNA are wrapped tightly around them

DNA AND RNA (6 decks)

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