DNA/Genes Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
Semi-Conservative
A
One daughter molecule is an exact replica of the parent, one is entirely new material
2
Q
Conservative
A
The parental double helix remains fully intact in daughter molecules
3
Q
Dispersive
A
Each strand of daughter molecule contains a mixture of new and old parts
4
Q
DNA strands run…
A
antiparallel
5
Q
DNA synthesis has…
A
directionality (we can only add to the 3’ end, not the 5’)
6
Q
DNA is synthesized in a ____ manner
A
5’—>3’
7
Q
Helicase
A
Breaks H-bonds to open the replication bubble.
8
Q
Single-strand DNA-binding proteins
A
Stabilizes single-stranded DNA (keeps DNA single-stranded)
9
Q
Topoisomerase
A
Breaks and rejoins the DNA double helix to relieve twisting forces caused by the opening of the helix
10
Q
What catalyzes DNA synthesis?
A
DNA polymerase
11
Q
Primers are _____ that allow the initiation of ___
A
short sequences; DNA synthesis
12
Q
Which part of a deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) molecule provides the energy for DNA synthesis?
A
Phosphate groups
13
Q
Which enzyme creates a primer for DNA polymerase?
A
Primase
14
Q
Okazaki fragments in E. coli are formed _____
A
on the lagging strand of DNA
15
Q
Which of the following hypothetical changes would eliminate the need to synthesize a lagging strand?
A
Allowing DNA synthesis to occur in both the 5’ to 3’ and 3’ to 5’ directions
16
Q
____ stretches of single-stranded DNA are expected on the lagging strand template than on the leading strand template.
A
Longer
17
Q
Apoptosis
A
Cell becomes destroyed (it dies)
18
Q
We know how old a cell is based off of….
A
How short it’s telomeres are
19
Q
why does apoptosis occur!
A
If left, cells can become cancerous over time
20
Q
Interphsses
A
G1: Cell growth
S: DNA REPLICATION
G2: ??
21
Q
Mitosis is division of ____ cells
A
Somatic
22
Q
Major roles of mitosis
A
Organismal growth
Development
Tissue repair/renewal
Reproduction
23
Q
Mitosis is highly ……
A
Regulated
24
Q
Homologous chromosomes
A
Same genes in the same order, don’t always have the same DNA sequence
25
Each chromatid contains ______
A single molecule of double-stranded DNA
26
Each chromatid contains the same _____
set of genes
27
Each chromosome contains both ______
DNA and protein
28
Stages of mitosis in order
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
29
During which stages do microtubules attach to kinetochores?
prometaphase
30
During which stage do tubulins assemble into spindle microtubules?
prophase
31
During which stage do cohesions break down?
anaphase
32
During which stage do kinetochores become motionless in relation to pores of the cell?
metaphase
33
During which stage do kinetochores move toward poles of the cell?
anaphase
34
During which stage do spindle microtubules disassemble?
telophase
35
During which stage do cohesins join sister chromatids of duplicated chromosomes?
36
During prophase, the microtubules of the mitotic spindle
lengthen
37
During anaphase, the nonkinetochore microtubules _____ and move past each other, and the kinetochore microtubules_____
lengthen, shorten
38
During telophase, the nonkinetochore microtubules
disassemble
39
When a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell, the phage’s ____ remains outside of the cell
protein coat
40
Due to the use of RNA primers in DNA synthesis, the lagging strand of DNA requires_____ to be sure telomeres do not shorten with each DNA replication
extra attention
41
G1
DNA is undamaged, therefore DNA will be allowed to replicate.
42
G2
Chromosomes have replicated correctly and MPF is present.
43
M
Spindle fibers are properly attached to sister chromatids.
44
Sister chromatids
Are two copies of the same DNA (have the same exact sequence).
45
Homologous chromosomes
Are two copies of the same genes, but not necessarily the same sequence (one from mom, one from dad).
46
In which stage of the cell cycle are sister chromatids separated and pulled to the opposite poles of the cell?
Anaphase
47
What can p53 do?
Make decisions:
Pause cellular cycle to repair DNA
Initiate apoptosis if cell is too broken
48
What are the characteristics of a cancerous cell?
They lack density-dependent inhibition and also anchorage dependency
49
Malignant tumors break…..
Both rules (anchorage and density)
50
Mendelian genes
One
51
Incomplete dominance genes
One
52
Codominance genes
One
53
Quantitative traits genes
More than one
54
Possible alleles mendelian and incomplete
2
55
Possible alleles codominance
More than 2
56
Possible alleles wuantitative
2 for each gene
57
Types of linkage between genes
Sex-linked & autosomal-linked
58
Autosomal-linkage
2 different traits/genes located on the same chromosome
59
Autosomal trait
Trait determined by a gene not located on a sex chromosome
60
Unlinked genes
Genes are not located on the same chromosome
61
Linked genes
Genes located on the same chromosome
62
Drosophila
Linked genes are inherited together
63
Linked genes are an _____ to independent assortment
Exception
64
Test cross for linkage
Perform dihybrid cross
Take F1 and cross with double mutant
65
What is a gene?
Sequence of DNA nucleotides that encode for a specific protein
66
Transcribe
To re-write in the same language
67
Translate
To re-write in a different language
68
How many different DNA nucleotides are there
4
69
How many different amino acids are there
20
70
RNA is created in what direction
5-3
71
What strand of DNA has the template for RNA
the template strand
72
Codons
Three bases of DNA/RNA that provide the code for a single amino acid
73
Codons are always written in what direction
5-3
74
Redundant
All but 2 amino acids are coded for by more than one codon
75
Unambiguous
One codon will only code for one amino acid
76
Nearly Universal
The same codons code for the same amino acids in all organisms
77
Conservative
When multiple codons code for the same amino acids, the first two based are usually the same
78
Every ___ RNA bases form a codon
3
79
If the sequence ATGCATGTCAATTGA were mutated such that a base were inserted after the first G and the third T were deleted, how many amino acids would be changed in the mutant protein?
Two- the second and third codons in the new sequence are different from the original codons
80
If a mutated DNA sequence produces a protein that differs in one central amino acid from the normal protein, which of the following kinds of mutations could have occurred?
An addition mutation and a deletion mutation
81
Which mutation(s) would not change the remainder of the reading frame of a gene sequence that follows the mutation(s)?
one addition and one deletion mutation
82
Codon
Group of three RNA that can specify only one amino acid
83
The fact that all seven of the garden pea traits studied by Mendel obeyed the principle of independent assortment means that:
All seven pairs of alleles determining these traits behave as if they are on different chromosomes
84
Albinism (lack of skin pigmentation) is caused by a recessive autosomal allele. A man and a woman, both normally pigmented, have an albino child together. For this trait, what is the genotype of the albino child?
Homozygous recessive
85
Albinism (lack of skin pigmentation) is caused by a recessive autosomal allele. A man and a woman, both normally pigmented, have an albino child together. The couple decides to have a second child. What is the probability that this child will be albino?
1/4
86
Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. This indicates:
Parents are both heterozygous
87
A dihybrid cross is performed between plants that differ in two Mendelian traits: Stem length (T or t) and flower coloration (R or r). Tall plants are dominant to small plants and red flowers are dominant to white flowers. The parental cross is between a TTRR individual and a ttrr individual. What is the expected ratio of plants in the F2 generation that have tall stems and white flowers?
3/16
88
In a cross between parents who both exhibit the dominant curly- and dark-haired traits, one child has straight, light-colored hair. What are the hair genotypes of the parents?
CcDd and CcDd
89
How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDD?
4
90
In genetics, a “test cross” is used to determine the ____ of one of the members of the parental cross.
genotype
91
Shell color in turtles is inherited via one gene (with two possible alleles). Homozygous dominant individuals have dark green shells. Homozygous recessive individuals have light yellow shells. Heterozygotes have light green shells that are an intermediate color between both homozygotes. This is an example of:
Incomplete dominance
92
Coding strand
Strand that runs in the 5 to 3 direction
93
Template strand
Strand that runs in the 3 to 5 direction
94
DNA Polymerase III
Recognizes double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid and synthesizes DNA from that point in a 5’ to 3’ manner
95
DNA Polymerase I
Removes the RNA primer and lays down DNA nucleotides in its place
96
Primase
Lays down short tracks of RNA nucleotides that complementary base-pair with DNA nucleotides
