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Biology - Year 12 > DNA, genes and protein synthesis - Chapter 8 > Flashcards

DNA, genes and protein synthesis - Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gene ?

A

A section of DNA that codes for a specific sequence of amino acids which make up the primary structure of a protein

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2
Q

Allele ?

A

Alternative form of a gene

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3
Q

Name the 4 features of a genetic code?

A
  1. It is a triplet code
  2. It is a degenerate code
  3. It is a non-overlapping code
  4. It is a universal code
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4
Q

What does triplet code mean?

A

3 bases that codes for one amino acid

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5
Q

What is a codon?

A

3 bases ( a triplet)

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6
Q

What is a degenerate code?

A

When more than one triplet codes for an amino acid

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7
Q

More info about degenerate code ?

A
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8
Q

What is a non-overlapping code?

A

Look at notes for example

Each base appears in one triplet , only read each base one

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9
Q

What is a universal code ?

A

It is the same code in all living things

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10
Q

What is transcription (definition)?

A

The process of producing pre-mRNA using a sequence of DNA as a template

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11
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

In the nucleus

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12
Q

What is splicing (definition) ?

A

The process of removing introns from pre-mRNA because they don’t code for an amino acid

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13
Q

Where does splicing take place ?

A

In the nucleus

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14
Q

What is translation ?

A

The production of a polypeptide chain

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15
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

In the ribosomes

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16
Q

What is mRNA (messenger RNA) ?

A

Copy of a gene used to code for a polypeptide

17
Q

What is tRNA (transfer RNA) ?

A

A clover- leaf shaped sequence of bases. It carries amino acids during translation.

18
Q

What is rRNA (ribosomal RNA) ?

A

A primary component of ribosomes

19
Q

Transcription steps?

A
  1. DNA in the nucleus
  2. RNA polymerase binds to the start of a gene (section of DNA)
  3. RNA polymerase unwinds the double helix, exposing the bases, making two template strands
  4. It makes a copy of the template strand, by matching complementary RNA nucleotides to the DNA nucleotides. Phosphodiester bonds formed.
  5. Behind the RNA polymerase, the DNA rejoins into a double helix
  6. RNA polymerase reaches a terminator ( a stop codon ), the chain is terminated, the pre- mRNA detaches and double helix reforms
20
Q

What are exons?

A

Coding regions

21
Q

What are introns?

A

Non -coding regions

22
Q

Splicing steps?

A

Spliceosome forms and causes the introns to form loops which allows exons to be joined under the loop, and allows the introns to be removed.

23
Q

Splicing occurs in _______ cells, but not ________ cells. Why?

A

Splicing occurs in eukaryotic cells, but not in prokaryotic cells. This is because the RNA produced in eukaryotes has introns. But prokaryotic cells do not have introns when RNA is produced

24
Q

What is a histone ?

A

Proteins that the DNA coils around forming supercoils, which makes DNA more compact

25
Q

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic DNA

A

Prokaryotic : short, circular DNA molecules, not associated with proteins (no histones)
Eukaryotic: long, linear DNA molecules, associated with proteins (has histones)

26
Q

Translation steps?

A

After splicing, mRNA attaches to the ribsome ( no longer pre-mRNA)

  1. tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome
    Each tRNA has an anticodon (a triplet of RNA bases) that is complementary to a codon on the mRNA strand
  2. The mRNA attaches to the ribosome
  3. The mRNA will be fed through the ribosome and the RNA bases are read in sequence
  4. The amino acids are carried to the ribsome by tRNA, and the anticodon on the tRNA attach to complementary bases on the mRNA. The amino acids become connected by peptide bonds and are released as a chain.
    ATP is required to make these peptide bonds.
  5. When the end of the sequence is reached, the newly formed polypeptide chain is released from the ribosome and folded and a protein forms
27
Q

What is required to make these peptide bonds ?

A

ATP

28
Q

What is the proteome of a cell ?

A

The proteome is the number of different proteins that a cell is able to produce / DNA is able to code for

Biology - Year 12 (10 decks)

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