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ML2001: Introductory Molecular Biology > DNA & Genomes > Flashcards

DNA & Genomes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Genome?

A

Entire genetic (haploid) component of an organism

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2
Q

What is the Proteome?

A

Complement of proteins expressed by a genome

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3
Q

What is Genome Sequencing?

A

Identity and assembly of entire sequence of bases in each chromosome

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4
Q

What is Genome Annotation?

A

Provides information on location and function of genes and other important DNA sequences

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5
Q

How is the genome related to the complexity of the organism?

A

Weakly (or not at all)

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6
Q

What percentage of human DNA encodes proteins?

A

~1.5%

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7
Q

How many genes do humans have?

A

~20,000

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8
Q

What percentage of DNA exists as repetitive sequences?

A

50%

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9
Q

What are single base variations in DNA sequences known as?

A

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
(SNPs)

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10
Q

What do SNPs cause?

A

Subtle differences in phenotype

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11
Q

What is an inherited group of SNPs known as?

A

Haplotype

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12
Q

What are Haplotypes used for?

A

Define different populations

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13
Q

What are INTRONS?

A

Long stretches of non-coding DNA
(but have regulatory functions)

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14
Q

What are EXONS?

A

Stretches of protein coding DNA

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15
Q

How is DNA stored?

A

VERY tightly packed
(Cruciform)

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16
Q

What enzymes enable DNA supercoiling?

A

Catalysed by Topoisomerases I & II

17
Q

What are some Topoisomerase Inhibitors and where are they used?

A

Etoposide & Doxorubicin
Used in anti-cancer drugs
(cause severe DNA damage & death in proliferating cells)

18
Q

Which antibiotics target bacterial Topoisomerases?

A

Coumarins & Quinolones

19
Q

What are the proteins called that DNA is packed around to make nucleosomes?

A

Histones

20
Q

How many classes of Histone are there?

A

5
(H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4)

21
Q

What is Chromatin?

A

A string of nucleosomes that form chromosomes

22
Q

How is epigenetic information encoded in Chromatin?

A

Due to covalent modifications of histones e.g. methylation, acetylation

(passed from generation to generation but not encoded in DNA sequences)

ML2001: Introductory Molecular Biology (18 decks)

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