DNA Mutations + Sickle Cell

Question 1

What are the three gene point mutations?

Answer 1

Substitution, insertion, and deletion

Question 2

What gene point mutation is associated with sickle cell anemia?

Answer 2

Substitution

Question 3

What is substitution/Missense mutation?

Answer 3

One base is incorrectly added during replication and replaces the pair in the corresponding position on the complementary strand

Question 4

What is deletion?

Answer 4

One or more nucleotides is “skipped” during replication or otherwise excised, often resulting in a frameshift

Question 5

What is insertion?

Answer 5

One or more extra nucleotides are inserted into replicating DNA, often resulting in a frameshift

Question 6

What does a “sickle-cell” red blood cell look like?

Answer 6

It’s crescent shaped (or sickle shaped) and it forms clots and blockages.

Question 7

What happens to the hemoglobin when someone has sickle cell anemia?

Answer 7

The hemoglobin clumps up and forms long rods instead of healthy, round red blood cells.

Question 8

What is the hemoglobin?

Answer 8

The proteins in the blood

Question 9

What are the nucleotides in a DNA strand?

Answer 9

they are the letters (ex. C from the codon CCT)

Question 10

What is a codon?

Answer 10

A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in DNA or RNA

Question 11

Where is DNA located?

Answer 11

In the nucleus

Question 12

Where are codons located?

Answer 12

Codons are present on the mRNA and DNA strands

Question 13

What are all of the types of RNA?

Answer 13

Messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).

Question 14

What is the process called when DNA is translated to mRNA?

Answer 14

Transcription

Question 15

What is the process called for when mRNA is translated to amino acid (or polypeptide)?

Answer 15

Translation

Question 16

Where are the ribosomes located and what happens to the mRNA strands there?

Answer 16

Ribosomes are located at the cytoplasm and it is where translation occurs after have transcribed the DNA.

Question 17

What is the enzyme that is used during transcription?

Answer 17

RNA polymerase

Question 18

What enzyme separates (or “unzips”) the two strands of the DNA double helix?

Answer 18

DNA helicase

Question 19

What enzyme makes mRNA from DNA?

Answer 19

RNA polymerase

Question 20

What does a DNA polymerase do?

Answer 20

Adds nucleotides one by one to the DNA chain

Question 21

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 21

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 22

What is RNA?

Answer 22

RNA stands for Ribonucleic acid and is a short and single stranded molecule

Question 23

What is the sugar in DNA?

Answer 23

Deoxyribose

Question 24

What enzyme is used during translation?

Answer 24

Ribosomes are used during translation

Question 25

What is a mutation that changes a nucleotide but does not change the amino acid?

Answer 25

A Silent mutation

Question 26

Which enzyme connects pieces of the lagging strand

Answer 26

Ligase

Question 27

The process by which cells make proteins

Answer 27

Protein synthesis

Question 28

The building block of proteins.

Answer 28

Amino acids

Question 29

The nitrogenous base that is found only in RNA.

Answer 29

Uracil (U)

Question 30

What is mRNA produced by?

Answer 30

By transcription

Question 31

What does tRNA carry?

Answer 31

carries amino acids to ribosome

Question 32

Gene

Answer 32

Section of DNA that codes for a protein → traits

Question 33

Protein

Answer 33

made from a sequence of amino acids (aka polypeptide)

Question 34

DNA

Answer 34

long, double-stranded molecule that stores all of an organism's protein instructions

Question 35

Mutation

Answer 35

any change in the DNA code; may be positive, neutral or negative depending on how it impacts the structure of the protein

Question 36

Point Mutation

Answer 36

single nucleotide change (substitution=swap)

Question 37

Nondisjunction

Answer 37

process by which chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis (having one extra or one less chromosome).

Question 38

Autosomes

Answer 38

referring to first 22 pairs of chromosomes, does not include sex chromosomes

Question 39

Co-dominant and Incomplete Dominance

Answer 39

A heterozygous inheritance that results in a new, mixed phenotype different from either parent. Codominace (red + white = red and white) and Incomplete Dominance (red + white = pink).

Question 40

Meiosis

Answer 40

The process by which haploid gametes are formed

Question 41

Mitosis

Answer 41

The process by which two diploid somatic cells are produced for growth and repair

Question 42

46

Answer 42

The number of chromosomes in a human body cell

Question 43

23

Answer 43

The number of chromosomes in a human gamete cell

Question 44

Diploid

Answer 44

Two copies of each chromosome

Question 45

Haploid

Answer 45

One copy of each chromosome (half the normal chromosome #)

Question 46

(Law of) Segregation of Alleles

Answer 46

The random sorting and pairing of chromosomes during Meiosis

Question 47

A, B, O

Answer 47

The multiple alleles which control blood type in humans

Question 48

Gamete

Answer 48

Haploid sex cell

Question 49

Crossing-Over

Answer 49

When segments of DNA are exchanged between chromosomes during Meiosis

Question 50

Fertilization

Answer 50

Process by which haploid gametes combine to form a diploid zygote

Question 51

Frameshift Mutation

Answer 51

one or more nucleotides are deleted or inserted into a gene, lengthening or shortening the entire sequence

Question 52

Chromosomes

Answer 52

supercoiled, condensed DNA

Question 53

Independent Assortment

Answer 53

the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another.