DNA/PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Flashcards

Question

how replication occurs

Answer 1

- dna is carried out by enzymes that "unzip" a molecule of DNA (helicase) - hydrogen bonds between the base pairs are broken and the two strands of DNA unwind

Answer 2

Translation is the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain Translation takes place on ribosomes During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins The ribosome binds new tRNA molecules and amino acids as it moves along the mRNA The process continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon extra: Each tRNA molecule carries only one kind of amino acid In addition to amino acids, each tRNA molecule has three unpaired bases These bases, called anticodon, are complementary to one mRNA codon process: BEGINS when a mRNA molecule attaches to a ribosome As each codon of the mRNA molecules moves through the ribosome, the proper amino acid is brought into the ribosome by tRNA In the ribosome, the amino acid is transferred to the growing polypeptide chain

Answer 3

on ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Answer 4

One allele is dominant over the other Heterozygotes show the dominant phenotype Example: pea plant flower color: PP = purple Pp = purple pp = white

Answer 5

Whenever multiple genes affect a characteristic, the variation of phenotypes within a population can become even greater When teo or more genes affect a single character, it is called Polygenic inheritance Examples: Eye color (8 different genes) Height Skin color (over 150 genes) Hair color

Answer 6

Neither allele is dominant over the other Heterozygous genotypes show both alleles Example: blood type in humans

Answer 7

Letters in blood types relate to proteins attached to red blood cells Type A blood has A antigens (proteins that tell your immune system that you are you) on RBC → blood/plasma contains Anti-B antibodies Type B blood has B antigens on RBC → blood/plasma contains Anti-A antibodies Type AB blood has A and B antigens on RBC → no anti A or Anti B antibodies Type O blood has neither A or B antigens (Naked) → blood/plasma contains anti-A and anti-B antibodies Type A blood can be noted as I^A I^A or I^A i Type B blood can be noted as I^B I^B or I^B i Type AB can be noted as I^A I^B

Answer 8

Father of genetics What is genetics: Field of biology devoted to understanding how characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring Mendel observed 7 characteristics A characteristic is a heritable feature, such as flower color Each characteristic occurred in 2 contrasting traits A trait is a genetically determined variant of a characteristic, such as yellow flower color Mendel’s experiments The P generation → F1 generation → F2 generation Mendel hypothesis Something within the pea plants controlled the characteristics Called these controls factors (now known as alleles) Each trait was inherited by means of a separate factor A pair of alleles/factors controlled each trait

Answer 9

Multiple factors separate independently of one another during the formation of gametes Traits produced by dominant factors do not necessarily appear together Factors for individual characteristics are not connected

Answer 10

A pair of factors is segregated/separated during the formation of gametes Paired factors separate during the formation of reproductive cells Each gamete receives one factor of each pair When two gametes combine during fertilization, the offspring will have two factors for each characteristic

Answer 11

During meiosis, gametes receive ONE chromosome from each homologous pair of chromosomes Thus, when the gametes combine in fertilization, the offspring receives from EACH parent ONE allele for a given trait

Answer 12

Like homologous chromosomes, sex chromosomes also pair during meiosis I. as meiosis proceeds, the paired chromosomes separate and move to different cells. When an egg (always carries an X) is fertilized by a sperm cell (X and Y), the offspring will be either male or female

Answer 13

Sex linked traits - a trait that is coded for by an allele located on a sex chromosome An X chromosome is much larger than a Y chromosome so there are MORE X-linked than Y-Linked traits Most X-linked traits have no homologous counterpart on the Y chromosome. In humans, the Y only contains the gene for “maleness” Because males only have one X chromosome, a male who carries a recessive allele on the X will exhibit that X-linked trait Example: colorblindness is an X-linked recessive trait, therefore most people who are colorblind are males

DNA/PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Flashcards

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