DNA, Protein Synthesis & Mutations Study Guide: Relationships & Biodiversity Lab Flashcards
(18 cards)
List the seven tests
- Structural plant evidence
- structural seed evidence
- Microscopic structures (circular or scattered)
- Paper chromatography
- Indicator test for enzyme M
- Gel electrophoresis (banding pattern)
- Translating DNA to make a protein
What is the copying of DNA
Replication - use base pairing rules to create new strands using original strands as a template
What is a template?
Templates are a pattern from which you can create something. (like using original halves of DNA to create new strands in replication)
DNA makes up ____, ____ codes for ______ and are sections of ______ ; ______ are found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
DNA makes up genes, genes code for proteins and are sections of chromosomes; chromosomes are found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
What part of protein synthesis occurs in the nucleus?
Transcription (DNA is used as a template to create mRNA that leaves the nucleus)
What are the mRNA bases?
A U G C
What part of protein synthesis occurs in the ribosomes?
Translation (Using the mRNA codon chart to determine the sequence of amino acids in the protein or polypeptide chain)
What is the significance of the amino acid sequence ?
The sequence of amino acids determines the way in which the protein folds which determines the shape of the protein which determines the function of the protein
What is a mutation?
Any change in the DNA
What is a point mutation?
A change in one base in the sequence
What is a silent mutation?
A mutation where there is no change in amino acid sequence (but a base did change)
What is a missense mutation
change one amino acid which may change the protein shape and make it unable to function
What is a nonsense mutation
change the codon to a stop in middle so protein will not form
What will insertions and deletions do to the protein?
Insertions and deletions will cause a frameshift mutation; causing every amino acid after the mutation to change; can cause many problems
What are the chromosomal mutations?
insertion, deletion, translocation, duplication or inversion
What happens in chromosomal mutations
Entire genes or sections of chromosomes may be altered
Are all mutations harmful?
No; mutations can be helpful, harmful, or neutral depending on the situation
How does gel electrophoresis work?
Scientists use gel electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments. Negatively charged DNA molecules migrate through the gel-like material towards the positively charged pole. The smaller molecules migrate more rapidly through the gel than the larger ones do.
