DNA Replication

Question 1

It is semi-conservative, starts at the origin, synthesis always begins in the 5’-3’ direction

Answer 1

Replication

Question 1

The information stored in DNA is transferred to RNA molecules during Transcription and to proteins during translation

Answer 1

Central Dogma of Biology

Question 2

(REPLICATION)
each of the two newly formed DNA molecules consists of one original (parental) strand and one newly synthesized strand

Answer 2

Semi-conservative

Question 3

(REPLICATION)
Begins at specific locations on the DNA molecule known as origins of replication

Answer 3

Starts at the origin

Question 4

(REPLICATION)
Each strand of DNA has a directionality based on the orientation of its sugar-phosphate backbone

Answer 4

Synthesis always begins in the 5’-3’ direction

Question 5

(REPLICATION)
Replication forks move in one or opposite directions

Answer 5

Can be uni- bidirectional

Question 6

(REPLICATION)
one strand (the leading strand) is synthesized continuously, while the other strand (the lagging strand) is synthesized discontinuously in fragments

Answer 6

Semi-discontinuous

Question 7

(REPLICATION)
provide the starting point for DNA synthesis

Answer 7

RNA Primers required

Question 8

(CORE PROTIENS AT THE REPLICATION FORK)

prevents torsion by DNA breaks

Answer 8

Topoisomerase

Question 9

(CORE PROTIENS AT THE REPLICATION FORK)

Separates 2 strands

Answer 9

Helicase

Question 10

(CORE PROTIENS AT THE REPLICATION FORK)

RNA primer synthesis

Answer 10

Primase

Question 11

(CORE PROTIENS AT THE REPLICATION FORK)

prevent reannealing of single strands

Answer 11

Single strand binding proteins

Question 12

(CORE PROTIENS AT THE REPLICATION FORK)

Synthesis of new strand

Answer 12

DNA polymerase

Question 13

(CORE PROTIENS AT THE REPLICATION FORK)

stabilizes polymerase

Answer 13

Tethering protein

Question 14

(CORE PROTIENS AT THE REPLICATION FORK)

seals nicks (small gaps) via phosphodiester linkage

Answer 14

DNA ligase

Question 15

(MECHANISM OF DNA REPLICATION)

Origin of replication
Unwinding
Priming

Answer 15

Initiation

Question 16

Leading strand
Lagging Strand
Fragment joining

Answer 16

Elongation

Question 17

(MECHANISM OF DNA REPLICATION)

Completion

Answer 17

Termination

Question 18

The conversion of genes into their functional products

Answer 18

gene expression

Question 19

Sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid

Answer 19

Codon

Question 20

This is the start codon

Answer 20

AUG

Question 21

this is one of the stop codons

Answer 21

UAA

Question 22

This is where DNA is transcribed into RNA

Answer 22

Transcription

Question 23

This is where RNA is translated to proteins

Answer 23

Translation

Question 24

(TRANSCRIPTION) Promoter Region RNA Polymerase binding Formation of transcription bubbles

Answer 24

Initiation

Question 25

(TRANSCRIPTION) RNA Synthesis Proofreading

Answer 25

Elongation

Question 26

(TRANSCRIPTION) Termination Signal Release of RNA transcript

Answer 26

Termination

Question 27

(Key enzymes) enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA

Answer 27

RNA Polymerase

Question 28

(Key enzymes) Proteins that assist in the initiation of transcription by helping RNA polymerase bind to the promoter

Answer 28

Transcription Factors

Question 29

This is where RNA are translated to proteins

Answer 29

Translation

Question 30

(TRANSLATION) Ribosome assembly tRNA Binding Large Ribosomal Subunit Binding

Answer 30

Initiation

Question 31

(TRANSLATION) Codon Recognition Peptide Bond Formation Translocation

Answer 31

Elongation

Question 32

(TRANSLATION) Stop Codon Recognition release of polypeptide

Answer 32

Termination

Question 33

(TRANSCRIPTION IN PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES) In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are separated by the nuclear membrane; in prokaryotes, they can occur simultaneously

Answer 33

Compartmentalization

Question 34

(TRANSCRIPTION IN PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES) Eukaryotic mRNA undergoes significant post-transcriptional modifications, whereas prokaryotic mRNA does not

Answer 34

mRNA processing

Question 35

(PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION) Where would be transcription occur, and why?

Answer 35

Cytoplasm; lack of nucleus

Question 36

(PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION) Prokaryotic mRNA is often?

Answer 36

polycistronic; encoding alot of proteins

Question 37

(PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION) What does prokaryotic genes lack

Answer 37

introns

Question 38

(EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION) Where does it take place? Why?

Answer 38

Nucleus; allowing for separation from translation

Question 39

(EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION) Eukaryotic mRNA is typically?

Answer 39

Monocistronic; encoding one protein

Question 40

(EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION) this includes splicing to remove introns

Answer 40

RNA Processing

Question 41

(PROKARYOTIC TRANSLATION) Why is it simultaneous with transcription?

Answer 41

It lacks a nucleus therefore it can begin on an mRNA molecule even before transcription is complete

Question 42

(PROKARYOTIC TRANSLATION) Prokaryotic ribosomes are?

Answer 42

70S

Question 43

(EUKARYOTIC TRANSLATION) why and how does it seperate from transcription

Answer 43

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm

Question 44

(PROKARYOTIC TRANSLATION) What aligns with the 16S rRNA in the small ribosomal subunit to position the start codon correctly

Answer 44

Shine-Dalgarno

Question 45

(EUKARYOTIC TRANSLATION) Eukaryotic ribosomes are?

Answer 45

80S

Question 46

(EUKARYOTIC TRANSLATION) What does initiation do here?

Answer 46

It assembles the translation initiation complex