DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis

Question 1

Is Eukaryotic DNA associated with proteins?

Answer 1

Yes

Question 2

What are histones

Answer 2

The proteins that are associated with eukaryotic DNA

Question 3

Where are chromosomes found?

Answer 3

In the nucleus.

Question 4

Describe the appearance of Prokaryotic DNA.

Answer 4

Shorter, circular and not associated with proteins.

Question 5

What is the role of histones?

Answer 5

Support the DNA.

Question 6

What is done to eukaryotic DNA to make it fit inside a nucleus?

Answer 6

It is wound up are histones and coiled up tightly to make compact chromosomes.

Question 7

Name the two organelles found in eukaryotes that have there own DNA.

Answer 7

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts (only plants)

Question 8

How is prokaryotic DNA made to fit into a cell?

Answer 8

Circular chromosome coils and condenses by super coiling.

Question 9

What is a gene?

Answer 9

A sequence of DNA bases that codes for either a particular polypeptide or functional RNA.

Question 10

What makes up a polypeptide chain?

Answer 10

Amino Acids

Question 11

The order of the bases of a gene determines the order to ______ _____ in a particular polypeptide.

Answer 11

Amino Acids

Question 12

How many bases code for each amino acid?

Answer 12

3 (Triplet)

Question 13

Name the three types of RNA.

Answer 13

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 14

Define Genome.

Answer 14

The complete set of genes in the cell.

Question 15

Define Proteome

Answer 15

The full range of proteins that the cell is able to produce.

Question 16

Where does transcription take place in Eukaryotic cells

Answer 16

Nucleus

Question 17

Where does translation take place?

Answer 17

Ribosome

Question 18

What are introns?

Answer 18

Sections of a gene that don’t code for amino acids.

Question 19

Sections that do code for amino acids are called?

Answer 19

Exons

Question 20

How are introns removed?

Answer 20

Splicing

Question 21

Does the sequence CCTTCCTTCCTT code for amino acids?

Answer 21

No, they are called ‘non-coding repeats’

Question 22

What are genes that exist in different forms called?

Answer 22

Alleles

Question 23

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have.

Answer 23

23 pairs (46 in total)

Question 24

Alleles coding for the same characteristic will be found at the same fixed position called _______.

Answer 24

Locus

Question 25

Name the RNA molecule that has a single polynucleotide chain and is made during transcription

Answer 25

mRNA

Question 26

What is the function of mRNA?

Answer 26

Carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes, where it is used to make proteins.

Question 27

In mRNA, three adjacent bases are called what?

Answer 27

A codon (triplet or base triplets)

Question 28

Name the RNA molecule that is folded into a clover shape and carries amino acids to the ribosome.

Answer 28

tRNA

Question 29

What maintains tRNAs specific shape?

Answer 29

Hydrogen bonds maintain the clover shape.

Question 30

What is the specific sequence of three bases found on the bottom of tRNA called?

Answer 30

The anticodon

Question 31

Does prokaryotic transcription take place in its nucleus?

Answer 31

No (trick question!!!), it doesnt have a nucleus, it happens in the cytoplasm.

Question 32

Name the enzyme which is involved in transcription.

Answer 32

RNA polymerase

Question 33

At the start of transcription, what bonds break to separate the DNA strands?

Answer 33

Hydrogen bonds

Question 34

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

Answer 34

Lines up free nucleotides and forms a phosphodiester bond between them to form a mRNA chain. It also moves along the DNA, seperating the strands.

Question 35

When RNA polymerase reaches a particular sequence of DNA called a ______ ______, it stops making mRNA and detaches from the DNA.

Answer 35

Stop Signal

Question 36

How does mRNA leave the nucleus?

Answer 36

Via nuclear Pores

Question 37

If the DNA triplet is ATC, what is the codon on mRNA?

Answer 37

UAG

Question 38

Name the base that is found in mRNA that is not found in DNA and is complementary to adenine.

Answer 38

Uracil

Question 39

What is the mRNA strand called when it has both introns and exons in it?

Answer 39

Pre-mRNA

Question 40

During splicing, what part of the mRNA is removed?

Answer 40

Introns

Question 41

Is it prokaryotes or eukaryotes that don't contain any introns?

Answer 41

Prokaryotes

Question 42

Name the three stages of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells.

Answer 42

Transcription, slicing and Translation

Question 43

What happens during translation?

Answer 43

Amino acids are joined together to make a polypeptide chain (protein) following the sequence of codons carried by mRNA.

Question 44

What molecule releases the energy needed to form the bond between the tRNA and the amino acid molecule?

Answer 44

ATP

Question 45

If the anticodon on the tRNA is UAC, what is the codon sequence on the mRNA?

Answer 45

AUG