DNA, RNA, ATP, Water and Inorganic ions

Question 1

DNA structure

Answer 1

double stranded, antiparallel, double helix, ladder, two polynucleotide chains

Question 2

what are DNA monomers called

Answer 2

repeating units called nucleotides

Question 3

what are nucleosides made up of

Answer 3

= deoxyribose + base

Question 4

what bond joins deoxyribose and base

Answer 4

ß-N-glycosidic bond

Question 5

what are DNA nucleotides made up of

Answer 5

=deoxyribose + base + phosphate

Question 6

bond between deoxyribose and phosphate

Answer 6

covalent phosphodiester bond

Question 7

what reaction joins nucleotides

Answer 7

condensation reaction

Question 8

what are the bonds between the nitrogenous bases

Answer 8

3 hydrogen bonds between CG

2 hydrogen bonds between AT

Question 9

which bases are purines and how many rings

Answer 9

2 rings

A and G

Question 10

which bases are pyrimidines and how many rings

Answer 10

1 ring

C and T

Question 11

which bases are complementary pairings

Answer 11

AT and CG

Question 12

why do AT and CG pair together

Answer 12

so that the strands are three rings apart

Question 13

what type of sugar is deoxyribose and why

Answer 13

pentose sugar

contains 5 carbons

Question 14

what does RNA stand for

Answer 14

ribonucleic acid

Question 15

what does DNA stand for

Answer 15

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 16

difference between RNA and DNA

Answer 16

RNA
shorter
single stranded so no hydrogen bonds 
uracil replaces thymine in DNA 
contains ribose instead of deoxyribose

Question 17

functions of RNA

Answer 17

information carrying molecules for protein synthesis

transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

Question 18

what are RNA nucleotides made up of

Answer 18

= phosphate + ribose + base

Question 19

what does ATP stand for

Answer 19

adenosine triphosphate

Question 20

what is ATP made up of

Answer 20

pentose sugar (ribose)
nitrogenous base (adenine)
three phosphate groups

Question 21

what does ATP do

Answer 21

release energy at required amounts

Question 22

equation for ATP

Answer 22

ATP + water = ADP + Pi (+ energy)

Question 23

what reaction breaks the bonds between phosphate groups and the catalyst

Answer 23

hydrolysis breaks the weak bonds

ATP hydrolase

Question 24

what can Pi be used for

Answer 24

phosphorylate other compounds making them more reactive

Question 25

which places have a high concentration of mitochondria

Answer 25

muscles for movement liver villi in small intestine (active transport) roots (active transport)

Question 26

why do such places contain a higher concentration of mitochondria

Answer 26

produces ATP as they require more energy

Question 27

uses of energy for living organisms (6)

Answer 27

``` metabolism movement repair and division of cells active transport production of enzymes and other substances maintenance of constant body temperature ```

Question 28

uses of water (5)

Answer 28

metabolite in many metabolic reactions (condensation, hydrolysis) solvent for metabolic reactions (aq medium) e.g. gases, waste, enzymes, inorganic ions able to buffer changes in temperature supports columns of water in transport systems surface tension when water meets air

Question 29

what are inorganic ions

Answer 29

do not contain hydrogen or carbon | are aq in the cytoplasm of cells and bodily fluids in varying concentrations

Question 30

uses of H+ ions

Answer 30

involved in pH which varies functions of enzymes

Question 31

uses of iron ions

Answer 31

found in haemoglobin of red blood cells to transport oxygen

Question 32

uses of sodium ions

Answer 32

co-transport of glucose and amino acids across plasma membrane (carries them with it)

Question 33

uses of phosphate ions

Answer 33

components of DNA, ATP and cell membranes structural role in DNA (part of phosphate-sugar backbone) stores energy in ATP molecules

Question 34

why is DNA replication semi conservation

Answer 34

allows continuity of DNA to next generation of cells

Question 35

what does semi conservation of DNA mean

Answer 35

parent DNA molecule separates into two component strands to act as a template for the formation of a new complementary strand forms two daughter molecules with half parent DNA half new DNA

Question 36

DNA replication steps (6)

Answer 36

DNA helicase unwinds the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs Forms two single strands which exposed bases act as a template for free nucleotides to form new complementary base pairings by hydrogen bonds DNA polymerase catalyses the condensation reaction to form covalent bonds between phosphate and deoxyribose of every new nucleotide, forming the phosphate-sugar backbone Process continues for entire molecule A winding enzyme winds the strands up to form two new helices Each DNA molecule contains one original and one synthesised strand