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Honors Biology 2nd Semester > DNA & RNA Study Guide (Exam Review #95-126) > Flashcards

DNA & RNA Study Guide (Exam Review #95-126) Flashcards

1
Q

What is transformation?

A

A strand of bacteria being changed by the genetic code of another

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2
Q

What conclusion did Avery make concerning DNA?

A

It stores genetic material

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3
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that infects bacteria

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4
Q

What did Hershey-Chase conclude about the genetic material of a bacteriophage?

A

It is in its DNA.

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5
Q

DNA is composed of long repeating subunits called what?

A

Nucleotides

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6
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A
  1. Nitrogenous base 2. 5-Carbon sugar 3. Phosphate group`
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7
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases that make up DNA?

A

Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine

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8
Q

The backbone of the DNA molecule is made of what?

A

Deoxyribose and phosphate group

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9
Q

Name 2 purines.

A

Adenine and Guanine

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10
Q

Name 2 pyrimidines.

A

Thymine and Cytosine

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11
Q

What is Watson and Crick’s model of the DNA molecule shaped like?

A

A double helix

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12
Q

Describe a double helix.

A

Twisted ladder

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13
Q

In DNA, Adenine pairs with…

A

Thymine

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14
Q

In DNA, Guanine pairs with…

A

Cytosine

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15
Q

In DNA, Cytosine pairs with…

A

Guanine

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16
Q

In DNA, Thymine pairs with…

A

Adenine

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17
Q

Where is the genetic material located in a prokaryotic cell?

A

The cytoplasm

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18
Q

The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is located where?

A

Nucleus

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19
Q

In what form is the DNA of a eukaryotic cell stored?

A

Chromatin

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20
Q

Do all organisms have the same number of chromosomes?

A

No

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21
Q

In the nucleus of a cell, the DNA and protein forms a…

A

Chromatin

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22
Q

The proteins in the chromosomes are called…

A

Histones

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23
Q

DNA and histone molecules constitute a…

A

Nucleosome

24
Q

What do nucleosomes do?

A

Fold and store DNA

25
Q

Each strand of DNA is said to be complementary. What does this mean?

A

They are matched by base pairing.

26
Q

What happens during DNA replication?

A

DNA is copied. DNA polymerase is the enzyme that “unzips” it.

27
Q

What is the complementary DNA strand? ATCGTAAG

A

TAGCATTC

28
Q

What is the complementary DNA strand? TATAGGGGACATCATCAGGCGCTCGTTCGT

A

ATATCCCCTGTAGTAGTCCGCGAGCAAGCA

29
Q

What is used to separate the strands of DNA before replication?

A

Enzymes (DNA polymerase)

30
Q

Define Gene.

A

A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein

31
Q

Describe the 3 main differences between DNA and RNA.

A

DNA - Deoxyribose - Thymine - Double-stranded RNA - Ribose - Uracil - Single-stranded

32
Q

Name the three types of RNA.

A

Messenger, transport,and ribosomal

33
Q

Describe the role of mRNA during protein synthesis.

A

It copies part of DNA and takes it to the ribosomes

34
Q

Describe the role of tRNA in protein synthesis.

A

It brings amino acids to the ribosomes to form polypeptides.

35
Q

What is the name of the process in which RNA copies the DNA molecule?

A

Transcription

36
Q

What does RNA polymerase do?

A

It “unzips” the DNA for the RNA to make a copy.

37
Q

Define promoter.

A

Proteins in the DNA that indicate where to start and stop

38
Q

Define introns.

A

Extra, non-essential bases

39
Q

Define exons.

A

Useful bases

40
Q

A chain of amino acids is called a…

A

Polypeptide

41
Q

What is a codon?

A

A group of 3 bases on the mRNA

42
Q

What are stop codons?

A

Codons that end a protein (polypeptide chain)

43
Q

Where are proteins manufactured in the cell?

A

Ribosomes

44
Q

The decoding of mRNA into a polypeptide chain is called…

A

Translation

45
Q

Define anticodon.

A

The complementary bases on tRNA to those on the mRNA

46
Q

Describe the relationship between proteins and genes.

A

Genes are involved in making proteins.

47
Q

What are mutations?

A

Changes in genetic material

48
Q

What are point mutations?

A

Mutations involving one or a few nucleotides

49
Q

What is an insertion?

A

Adding a base

50
Q

What is a deletion?

A

Losing a base

51
Q

What happens during a frameshift mutation?

A

The “reading frame” is shifted which causes a lot of changes in the amino acids

52
Q

How can a frameshift mutation affect a protein?

A

It can change every amino acid and essentially make a different protein.

53
Q

Define inversion.

A

A reversal of parts of the chromosomes

54
Q

Define translocation.

A

Part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches somewhere else.

55
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

The condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes.

56
Q

During the growth of an embryo, cell differentiation occurs. What is cell differentiation?

A

It’s the specialization of cells.

57
Q

Given top DNA, find bottom DNA, mRNA, tRNA, and amino acids.

ATT-CGT-AAG-TTA-GAC

A

Bottom DNA: TAA-GCA-TTC-AAT-CTG

mRNA: UAA-GCA-UUC-AAU-CUG

tRNA: AUU-CGU-AAG-UUA-GAC

Amino acids: Stop, Alanine, Phenylalanine, Asparagine, Leucine

Honors Biology 2nd Semester (7 decks)

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