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Molecular Biology > DNA Structure 1 > Flashcards

DNA Structure 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by central dogma

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2
Q

What is the definition of a gene according to a geneticist

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3
Q

What is a biochemists definition of a gene

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4
Q

What is albinism

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5
Q

What happens of a person is heterozygous for the mutant tyrosinase gene

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6
Q

What happens if an individual is homozygous recessive for the mutant tyrosine gene

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7
Q

What is a nucleotide composed of

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8
Q

What is DNA and RNA (simply explained)

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9
Q

What sugar is present in RNA

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10
Q

Draw the structure of ribose and number the carbons

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11
Q

What sugar is present in DNA

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12
Q

What is steric strain

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The overall strain in a molecule due to the non-bonded interactions of atoms or groups of atoms that are in close proximity so that their electrons repel each other

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13
Q

Draw the structure of 2’ endopuckering of deoxyribose

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14
Q

Draw the structure of 3’ endopuckering of deoxyribose

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15
Q

How are phosphate groups attached to nucleotides

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16
Q

What is the ending of the name of nucleotides with a different number of phosphate groups attached

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17
Q

How is the sugar bonded to a base in a nucleotide

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18
Q

What are the two types of bases

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19
Q

Draw the structure of adenine and number the atoms

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20
Q

Draw the structure of guanine and number the atoms

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21
Q

Draw the structure of cytosine and number the atoms

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22
Q

Draw the structure of uracil and number the atoms

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23
Q

Draw the structure of thymine and number the atoms

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24
Q

What determines whether a base is a ketobase or an amino base

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25
Q

What bases do DNA and RNA contain

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26
Q

What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide

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27
Q

What are the names of nucleosides in RNA

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28
Q

What are the names of nucleosides in DNA

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29
Q

How do you name nucleotides

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30
Q

How does polymerisation form dna/rna

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31
Q

draw the structure of a nucleotide

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32
Q

What is meant by nucleic acids having direction

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33
Q

Why is DNA the hereditary material

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34
Q

Draw the structure of ATP

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35
Q

What is base - catalysed RNA hydrolysis

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RNA hydrolysis is a reaction in which a phosphodiester bond in the sugar-phosphate backbone of RNA is broken, cleaving the RNA molecule. RNA is susceptible to this base-catalyzed hydrolysis because the ribose sugar in RNA has a hydroxyl group at the 2’ position.

36
Q

Why is RNA susceptible to base catalyzed hydrolysis but DNA is not?

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RNA is more susceptible to hydrolysis than DNA since the 2′OH group, present only in RNAs, can interact with the phosphate group, which results in breaking up of the bonds through transesterification
Transesterification is when the phosphodiester bond is modified by exchanging the alkyl groups with an alcohol

37
Q

What is chargaffs rule

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38
Q

What are the principles of watson-crick base paining

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39
Q

How is DNAs secondary structure stablised

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40
Q

What is B formDNA

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41
Q

What are major and minor grooves

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The major groove is large enough to allow intimate protein binding to the double stranded DNA molecule

42
Q

What is duplex DNA

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43
Q

What other forms of DNA are there

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44
Q

What are hairpin and stemloop structures

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45
Q

What kind of structure is this

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Hairpin double helix

46
Q

What are hairpin and stem-loop structures important for

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Regulation of Gene Expression: Hairpin and stem-loop structures often form in RNA molecules, especially in the non-coding regions such as 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions (UTRs) or within mRNA molecules themselves. These structures can serve as recognition sites for regulatory proteins, microRNAs, or other RNA-binding molecules, thereby influencing the stability, translation efficiency, or subcellular localization of the RNA.
RNA Stability: Hairpin and stem-loop structures can affect the stability of RNA molecules. Stable hairpin structures in mRNA molecules, for example, can protect the transcript from degradation by exonucleases, thereby influencing the overall stability and half-life of the RNA.
Splicing Regulation: Hairpin and stem-loop structures can influence alternative splicing events by serving as binding sites for splicing regulatory proteins or small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). These structures can modulate splice site selection and spliceosome assembly, thereby regulating the production of different mRNA isoforms from a single gene.
RNA Folding and Structure: Hairpin and stem-loop structures are fundamental elements of RNA folding and structure. They form through complementary base pairing between nucleotides within the same RNA molecule, leading to the formation of stable secondary structures. These structures contribute to the overall folding of RNA molecules into complex three-dimensional structures, which is essential for their biological functions.
RNA-RNA Interactions: Hairpin and stem-loop structures can mediate RNA-RNA interactions by serving as binding sites for complementary sequences in other RNA molecules. These interactions can facilitate processes such as RNA localization, RNA transport, RNA editing, or the formation of higher-order RNA complexes involved in regulatory or structural roles.

47
Q

How can RNA -DNA structures form and when do they form

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Molecular Biology (11 decks)

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