DNA structure

Question 1

What is DNA?

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleic acid, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains a unique genetic code for making proteins in the human body.

Question 2

What is the structure of DNA?

Answer 2

It is composed of two polynucleotide stands bonded by a sugar-phosphate backbone (double helix shape). Has 4 bases (Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine and Guanine).

Question 3

What is RNA?

Answer 3

Ribonucleic acid, is a nucleic acid composed of repeating nucleotide monomers.

Question 4

What is the structure of RNA?

Answer 4

One strand and has a 4 bases (uracil, Adenine, Cytosine and Guanine).

Question 5

What type of bonding connects the DNA strands?

Answer 5

Hydrogen bonding between bases.

Question 6

What is a Eukaryotic cell?

Answer 6

Any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus.

Question 7

What is a Prokaryotic cell?

Answer 7

Any organism that lacks a distinct nucleus and other organelles due to the absence of internal membranes

Question 8

What is an example of a Eukaryotic cell?

Answer 8

Plants and animals

Question 9

What is an example of a Prokaryotic cell?

Answer 9

Fungi and bacteria

Question 10

What is the structure of a Eukaryotic cell?

Answer 10

DNA molecules are tightly around histones forming chromatin which organise into a linear structure of a chromosome.

Question 11

What is the structure of a Prokaryotic cell?

Answer 11

Have a singular circular chromosome in the nucleoid of the cytoplasm- mainly unicellular organisms.

Question 12

What is DNA replication?

Answer 12

A chemical reaction that occurs in the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells and cytosol of prokaryotic cells.

Question 13

What are genes?

Answer 13

Sequences of lots of DNA nucleotides that code for the assembly of a functional protein or RNA molecule.

Question 14

What is Transcription?

Answer 14

The process of converting the DNA nucleotide sequence of gene into a molecule of messenger RNA

Question 15

What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

Answer 15

A RNA molecule composed of a small and large subunit.

Question 16

What is the first stage of Transcription?

Answer 16

The helicase breaks the bonds between bases separating template and coding strand.

Question 17

What is the second stage of Transcription?

Answer 17

RNA nucleotides bond with exposed complimentary bases on template strand.

Question 18

What is the last stage of Transcription?

Answer 18

RNA polymerase joins the sugar-phosphate backbone together resulting in a newly synthesised mRNA molecule.

Question 19

What is the genetic code?

Answer 19

The genetic code links the nucleotide base sequence in mRNA to amino acids in a protein.

Question 20

What is transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 20

A small RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during the process of translation.

Question 21

What is Translation?

Answer 21

The process by which the nucleotide sequence on mRNA is used yo assemble a protein

Question 22

What is a codon?

Answer 22

A codon is a group of 3 nucleotides that codes for an amino acid.

Question 23

What is an anticodon?

Answer 23

A sequence of three nucleotides that is complimentary to the mRNA codon.

Question 24

Where is translation carried out?

Answer 24

Translation occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm (prokaryotes and Eukaryotes).

Question 25

What makes up proteins?

Answer 25

Proteins are composed of amino acid codons.

Question 26

What is a protein?

Answer 26

A protein is a polypeptide structure composed of amino acids. The function of a protein is determined by its structure.

Question 27

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 27

Refers to the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, unique to every protein. The amino acids are inked by peptide groups.

Question 28

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 28

When the polypeptide chain folds differently due to the hydrogen bonding. Either folds into an Alpha-helix or beta-sheet.

Question 29

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

Answer 29

When the R groups of the amino acids interact with each other through the formation of forces of attraction which causes the molecule to fold into a tertiary structure.

Question 30

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

Answer 30

When 2 or more polypeptide chains fold into one another.