DNA Structure and Analysis

Question 1

The Genetic Material Must Exhibit Four Characteristics

It must be able to:

Answer 1

• replicate
• store information
• express information
- The Cenral Dogma
• allow variation by mutation

Question 2

Until ______, Observations Favored ______ as the Genetic Material

Answer 2

1944, Protein

Question 3

Known that ______ is physically transmitted from ______ to ______.

Answer 3

genetic material, parent, offspring

Question 4

______ and ______ were the major candidates for the genetic material.

Answer 4

Proteins, nucleic acids

Question 5

Evidence Favoring DNA as the Genetic Material Was First Obtained during the Study of ______ and ______

Answer 5

Bacteria, Bacteriophages

Question 6

______ showed that avirulent strains of ______ could be transformed to ______.

Answer 6

Griffith, Diplococcus pneumoniae, virulence

Question 7

______, ______, and ______ (______) demonstrated that the transforming principle was ______ and not protein.

Answer 7

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty, 1944, DNA

Question 8

______ and ______ (______) demonstrated that ______, and not protein, enters the bacterial cell during ______ and directs ______.

Answer 8

Hershey, Chase, 1952, DNA, bacteriophage infection, viral reproduction

Question 9

Indirect and Direct Evidence Supports the Concept that ______ Is the Genetic Material in ______

Answer 9

DNA, Eukaryotes

Question 10

• ______ is found only where the primary genetic function occurs.
• Whereas ______ is found throughout the cell.
• This provides ______ evidence for ______ as the genetic material.

Answer 10

DNA, protein, indirect, DNA

Question 11

______ is capable of inducing mutations in the genetic material and is most mutagenic at a wavelength of ______ nm.

Answer 11

UV light, 260

Question 12

Strongest direct evidence for DNA = ______.

Answer 12

recombinant DNA technology

Question 13

Knowledge of ______ Is Essential to the Understanding of DNA Structure

Answer 13

Nucleic Acid Chemistry

Question 14

______ are the building blocks of DNA.

Answer 14

Nucleotides

Question 15

Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA.

They consist of:

Answer 15

• a nitrogenous base
• a pentose sugar
• a phosphate group

Question 16

Nitrogenous bases can be ______ or ______.

Answer 16

purines, pyrimidines

Question 17

Nitrogenous bases can be purines or pyrimidines.

Purines:

Answer 17

• adenine (A) and guanine (G)

Question 18

Nitrogenous bases can be purines or pyrimidines.

Pyrimidines:

Answer 18

• cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)

Question 19

DNA and RNA both contain ______, ______, and ______.

Answer 19

A, C, G

Question 20

Only DNA contains ______.

Answer 20

T

Question 21

Only RNA contains ______.

Answer 21

U

Question 22

RNA contains ______ as its sugar.

Answer 22

ribose

Question 23

DNA contains ______ as its sugar.

Answer 23

deoxyribose

Question 24

A ______ contains the nitrogenous base and the pentose sugar.

Answer 24

nucleoside

Question 25

A ______ is a nucleoside with a phosphate group added.

Answer 25

nucleotide

Question 26

The ______ position is the location of the phosphate group on a nucleotide.

Answer 26

C-5'

Question 27

Nucleotides can have one, two, or three phosphate groups and are called ______, ______, and ______, respectively.

Answer 27

NMPs, NDPs, NTPs

Question 28

Nucleotides are linked by a ______ between the ______ group at the ______ position and the ______ group on the ______ position.

Answer 28

phosphodiester bond, phosphate, C-5', OH, C-3'

Question 29

______ showed that the amount of A is ______ to T and the amount of C is ______ to G, but the percentage of ______ does not necessarily equal the percentage of ______

Answer 29

Chargaff, proportional, proportional, C + G, A + T

Question 30

______ and ______ studied DNA structure using X-ray scattering

Answer 30

Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins

Question 31

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins studied DNA structure using X-ray scattering From X-ray diffraction patterns they deduced that DNA:

Answer 31

– Is long and thin – Has a uniform diameter of 2 nanometers – Is helical, and is twisted like a corkscrew – Consists of repeating subunits

Question 32

Watson and Crick proposed: • DNA is a ______

Answer 32

right-handed double helix

Question 33

Watson and Crick proposed: • Two strands are ______ and the bases are ______ on one another.

Answer 33

antiparallel, stacked

Question 34

Watson and Crick proposed: • Two strands are connected by ______ and ______ base pairing

Answer 34

A-T, G-C

Question 35

Watson and Crick proposed: • There are ______ base pairs per helix turn

Answer 35

10

Question 36

A-T & G-C base pairing provides ______ of the 2 strands & ______ to the helix.

Answer 36

complementarity, chemical stability

Question 37

A-T base pairs form ______ hydrogen bonds & G-C base pairs form ______ hydrogen bonds.

Answer 37

2, 3

Question 38

Arrangement of ______ and ______ along the ______ provides another stabilizing factor.

Answer 38

sugars, bases, axis

Question 39

Alternative Forms of ______ Exist

Answer 39

DNA

Question 40

Alternative Forms of DNA Exist • Watson-Crick DNA model is of ______, which is believed to be the biologically significant form.

Answer 40

B-DNA

Question 41

Alternative Forms of DNA Exist • ______ is slightly more compact than ______.

Answer 41

A-DNA, B-DNA

Question 42

Alternative Forms of DNA Exist • ______, ______, and ______ are also right-handed forms of DNA that are less compact than ______.

Answer 42

C-DNA, D-DNA, E-DNA, B-DNA

Question 43

Alternative Forms of DNA Exist • ______ forms a left-handed double helix

Answer 43

Z-DNA

Question 44

The Structure of RNA Is ______ Similar to DNA, but ______ Stranded

Answer 44

Chemically, Single

Question 45

The Structure of RNA Is Chemically Similar to DNA, but Single Stranded In RNA: • the sugar ______ replaces deoxyribose of DNA

Answer 45

ribose

Question 46

The Structure of RNA Is Chemically Similar to DNA, but Single Stranded In RNA: • and ______ replaces thymine of DNA

Answer 46

uracil

Question 47

The Structure of RNA Is Chemically Similar to DNA, but Single Stranded In RNA: • Usually ______

Answer 47

single-stranded

Question 48

There are 3 classes of cellular RNAs:

Answer 48

• messenger RNA (mRNA) • ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 49

There are 3 classes of cellular RNAs: ______ • the template for protein synthesis

Answer 49

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 50

There are 3 classes of cellular RNAs: ______ • components of ribosomes for protein synthesis

Answer 50

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 51

There are 3 classes of cellular RNAs: ______ • carry amino acids for protein synthesis

Answer 51

transfer RNA (tRNA)