DNA to Protein Assessment

Question 1

What is DNA replication?

Answer 1

DNA replication is the process by which DNA is copied and duplicated.

Question 2

Where does DNA replication occur in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 2

DNA replication occurs in the nucleus.

Question 3

When does DNA replication happen?

Answer 3

DNA replication occurs before mitosis or meiosis during interphase.

Question 4

What are the four main enzymes involved in DNA replication?

Answer 4

The four main enzymes are helicase, primase, DNA polymerase, and ligase.

Question 5

What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

Answer 5

Primase initializes the process for DNA polymerase by providing a short nucleic acid sequence called a primer.

Question 6

What is a primer in DNA replication?

Answer 6

A primer is a short nucleic acid sequence made of RNA that provides a starting point for DNA polymerase.

Question 7

What do DNA polymerases do?

Answer 7

DNA polymerases create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, essential for DNA replication.

Question 8

What is the function of ligase in DNA replication?

Answer 8

Ligase glues or attaches DNA fragments together and replaces gaps in Okazaki fragments.

Question 9

What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?

Answer 9

Helicase unzips DNA molecules by breaking hydrogen bonds at the origin, allowing each strand to serve as a template.

Question 10

What is DNA transcription?

Answer 10

DNA transcription is the process of reading and copying DNA into RNA.

Question 11

Where does transcription occur?

Answer 11

Transcription occurs in the nucleus.

Question 12

What enzymes are involved in transcription?

Answer 12

The enzymes involved are RNA polymerase and transcription factors.

Question 13

What does RNA polymerase do?

Answer 13

RNA polymerase connects complementary bases into RNA.

Question 14

What is mRNA?

Answer 14

mRNA is a single-stranded RNA that is formed by bonding RNA bases together.

Question 15

What happens to mRNA after transcription?

Answer 15

mRNA goes out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm where it attaches to a ribosome.

Question 16

What is DNA translation?

Answer 16

DNA translation is the process of translating RNA into amino acids to build a chain of amino acids.

Question 17

What enzymes are involved in translation?

Answer 17

Ribosomes are the main enzymes involved in translation.

Question 18

What is the role of tRNA in translation?

Answer 18

tRNA molecules carry amino acids and connect with complementary bases on mRNA.

Question 19

How are amino acids linked together?

Answer 19

Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds.

Question 20

What is an anti-codon?

Answer 20

An anti-codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA that binds to corresponding codons on mRNA.

Question 21

What are mutations?

Answer 21

Mutations are changes in an organism’s DNA.

Question 22

What is a frameshift mutation?

Answer 22

A frameshift mutation occurs when one nucleotide is added or deleted, changing the reading frame.

Question 23

What is a point mutation?

Answer 23

A point mutation, also known as substitution, is a change in a single nucleotide.

Question 24

What are chromosomal mutations?

Answer 24

Chromosomal mutations involve changes that affect entire chromosomes, such as gene duplication and translocation.

Question 25

What is translocation in chromosomal mutations?

Answer 25

Translocation occurs when part of a chromosome detaches and attaches to another chromosome.

Question 26

How do mutations affect phenotype?

Answer 26

Mutations may or may not affect phenotype.

Question 27

How can mutations be passed to offspring?

Answer 27

For a mutation to be passed to offspring, it must occur in germ cells, gametes, or sex cells.

Question 28

What are mutagens?

Answer 28

Mutagens are agents in the environment that can change DNA.

Question 29

What effect can UV light have on DNA?

Answer 29

UV light can cause neighboring thymine nucleotides to bond with each other instead of adenine.

Question 30

What is the central dogma of biology?

Answer 30

The central dogma of biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.

Question 31

Why is gene expression regulated?

Answer 31

Regulation allows cells to better respond to stimuli and conserve energy and materials.

Question 32

How is gene expression typically regulated in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 32

Gene expression in prokaryotic cells is typically regulated at the start of transcription.

Question 33

What is an operon?

Answer 33

An operon is a region of DNA that includes a promoter, an operator, and one or more genes that code for proteins.

Question 34

What is the function of a promoter?

Answer 34

A promoter is a segment of DNA that helps RNA polymerase recognize the start of a gene.

Question 35

What is a terminator?

Answer 35

A terminator is a segment of DNA where transcription ends.

Question 36

What are transcription factors?

Answer 36

Transcription factors bind to DNA and help RNA polymerase know where a gene starts.

Question 37

What are the two types of operons?

Answer 37

The two types of operons are inducible and repressible.

Question 38

What is an inducible operon?

Answer 38

An inducible operon is off by default but can be turned on by the presence of a particular small molecule.

Question 39

What is a repressible operon?

Answer 39

A repressible operon is on by default but can be turned off by the presence of a particular small molecule.

Question 40

What is gene expression?

Answer 40

Gene expression is the process by which a gene gets turned on in a cell to make RNA and proteins.

Question 41

What is mRNA processing?

Answer 41

mRNA processing involves splicing and the addition of a 5’ cap and poly-A tail to pre-mRNA in the nucleus.