DNA to RNA to Protein Flashcards

1
Q

DNA is made of?

A

Nuclei acids

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2
Q

What’s the role of nucleotides and nucleosides?

A
  • Transmission of genetic information
  • Energy Storage
  • Preservation of genetic information
  • Energy Transmission
  • Signaling
  • Antioxidant
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3
Q

What are three parts of nucleotide ?

A
  1. Sugar: either ribose or deoxyribose
  2. Nitrogenous base (attached to carbon 1 in ring)
  3. One, two or three phosphate groups (on carbon 5)
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4
Q

What’s the difference between nucleotide and nucleoside structure?

A

Same except nucleotide has phosphate groups while nucleoside does not

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5
Q

What do ribonucleic acids (nucleotides with ribose sugars) do?

A

They attach to other ribose sugars to form RNA which makes proteins

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6
Q

What do deoxyribonucleic acid (nucleotides with deoxyribose) do?

A

They form DNA which makes up the genome found in all living cells

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7
Q

Nitrogenous bases (residues) can be categorized in two groups:

A

Purines: Two rings fused together
- Adenine (A)
- Guanine (G)

Pyrimidines: One six membered ring
- Cytosine (C)
- Uracil (U)
- Thymine (T)

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8
Q

What holds DNA strand helix together?

A

Intermolecular interactions (hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases)

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9
Q

Adenine and Thymine are paired with

A

Two hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

Guanine and Cytosine are paired with

A

Three hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

How do enzymes read DNA?

A

From 5’ end to 3’ end

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12
Q

What must happen to DNA in order to replicate?

A

Denaturation: process of separating two DNA strands into single strands

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13
Q

What is reannealing?

A

Process of two single DNA strands (that were separated by helicase or heat) coming back together to form original DNA

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14
Q

What’s hybridization of DNA?

A

Process in which two complementary single-stranded DNA form double stranded molecule

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15
Q

DNA makes RNA through what process

A

Transcription

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16
Q

RNA makes proteins though what process

A

Translation

17
Q

Codon

A

The way nitrogenous bases are arranged to creat a genetic code

18
Q

How many codons are possible?

A

64 as there are 4 nitrogenous bases involved i.e. 444*4 is 64

19
Q

Point mutation

A

A mutation affecting only one nucleotide in a codon
Eg) Silent mutation

20
Q

Missense mutation

A

Mutation where one amino acid is substituted for another

21
Q

Nonsense Mutation (truncation mutation)

A

Serious because they change a codon for amino acid to a premature stop codon instead

22
Q

What’s a start codon for translation

A

AUG

23
Q

What’re the stop codons for translation?

A

UAA
UGA
UAG

24
Q

What’s transcription?

A

Formation of RNA polymer which is done through RNA polymerase enzyme

25
Q

What’re the three stages of transcription?

A

1) Initiation: where transcription starts
2) Elongation: this is where RNA strand is grown
3) Termination:

26
Q

RNA starts with AUG which is _______ in DNA

A

ATG (Thymine is replace with Uracil in RNA) and this is called a sense strand

27
Q

The complimentary DNA strand for ATG is ATC and it’s called

A

Antisense strand (as it is the opposite of sense strand)

28
Q

What is operon in Prokaryotes?

A

A system where a group of genes can be turned on or off at same time

29
Q

What are the three basic types of DNA segments?

A
  1. Structural genes: genes that operon works for
  2. Promoter: RNA polymerase binds here and can move through DNA to transcribe structural genes (promoter acts like a play button)
  3. Operator: a repressor (on/off) switch button binds here and stops RNA polymerase from traveling (pause button)
30
Q

What are repressible operons?

A

Ones that keeps working unless stopped by something physically

31
Q

What are inducible operon?

A

Ones that start working when induced by something

32
Q

Positive control operon

A

Where RNA polymerase is asked to transcribe structural genes so something can be produced

33
Q

Negative control operon

A

Where RNA polymerase is set to not transcribe structural genes so nothing can be produced

34
Q

How does the cell alter the structure?

A

Cytosine and adenine bases in DNA can be methylated i.e. affect the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe genes

35
Q

RNA polymerase doesn’t know on its own where to bind so who helps?

A

Transcription factors help which bind to the specific DNA sequences

36
Q

What’s a recombinant DNA?

A

DNA sequence created by combining genes from more than one source that wouldn’t occur naturally

37
Q

What is transformation?

A

Introducing new genetic information into a host so it can integrate in host’s genome

38
Q

What does PCR do and what goes in it?

A

PCR will create multiple copies of genes. It’s used in lab to create specific DNA.
A PCR test tube contain:
- DNA fragments
- dNTP (deoxynucleotide triphosphate- A, T, C, G)
- Enzymes (Polymerase)
- Target primers

39
Q

What are the common genetic recombination techniques?

A
  1. PCR (to make multiple copies of same gene)
  2. Gel electrophoresis (to measure the size of DNA strand)
  3. Southern Blotting (used to identify if target genes are present)
  4. Restriction enzymes + plasmids (to integrate into new genome)