DNA Unit

Question 1

The sides of the DNA ladder are made of ______________.

Answer 1

deoxyribose and phosphate

Question 2

DNA is replicated during______________________ of the cell cycle.

Answer 2

S phase of interphase

Question 3

What is the monomer of DNA and RNA?

Answer 3

nucleotides

Question 4

What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?

Answer 4

phosphate, nitorgen base, deoxyribose

Question 5

What are the three differences between DNA and RNA structure?

Answer 5

DNA has deoxyribose RNA has ribose
DNA is double-stranded RNA is single-stranded
DNA has thymine RNA has uracil

Question 6

Where is DNA located in the eukaryotic cell?

Answer 6

Nucleus

Question 7

Where is DNA located in a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 7

floating in cytoplasm in region called the nucleoid

Question 8

How does DNA differ in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Answer 8

eukaryotes have several chromsomes and the DNA is a helix

Prokaryotes have a single chromosome in a circle

Question 9

What kind of bond joins amino acids to form proteins?

Answer 9

peptide bond (a strong covalent bond)

Question 10

What kind of bond holds nitrogen bases together in the DNA molecule?

Answer 10

hydrogen bond (weak bond …so that DNA can easily open to replicate and trascribe)

Question 11

What do you look up on the codon sheet to determine the amino acid brought in?

Answer 11

You look up the codon of the mRNA to determine the amino acid

Question 12

What is the shape of mRNA and what does it do?

Answer 12

messenger RNA is single-stranded and linear. mRNA carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm(ribosome)

Question 13

What is the shape of tRNA and what does it do?

Answer 13

transfer RNA is single-stranded and clover leaf shaped . tRNA has the anticodon and it carries the amino acid to the ribosome

Question 14

What type of RNA has the codon?

Answer 14

mRNA

Question 15

What type of RNA has the anticodon?

Answer 15

tRNA

Question 16

What is rRNA?

Answer 16

ribosomal RNA and it combines with proteins to make the ribosome

Question 17

What is DNA replication?

Answer 17

When DNA makes an identical copy of itself. (DNA making DNA)

Question 18

Where does DNA replication occur?

Answer 18

nucleus

Question 19

The DNA strands run alongside each other but in oppposite directions….so the DNA strands are said to be ________________

Answer 19

antiparallel

Question 20

One strand of DNA can determine the other strand of DNA….so DNA strands are said to be _____________________

Answer 20

complementary

Question 21

DNA strands are complementary because of the ______________________________

Answer 21

base pairing rules

Question 22

What are the base pairing rules in DNA rreplication?

Answer 22

Adenine double hydrogen bonds with thymine

Cytosine triple hydrogen bonds with guanine

Question 23

Why does DNA replication need to occur?

Answer 23

So that cells can divide (so organisms can heal, grow, develop, and reproduce)

Question 24

Do mutations occur in DNA replication? If yes how often and why is that number so low?

Answer 24

yes….but only 1 in a billion nucleotides because DNA polymerase has a proof-reading ability and can fix most mistakes

Question 25

Why is DNA replication considered semi-conservative?

Answer 25

Each new DNA molecule has half of the old DNA(parent template strand) and half new DNA(complementary daughter strand) ...so no DNA is lost in the process

Question 26

What is transcription?

Answer 26

When DNA makes RNA

Question 27

Where does transcription occur?

Answer 27

in the nucleus

Question 28

What is the base pairing rules in transcription?

Answer 28

DNA has Adenine then the RNA has a Uracil DNA has Thymine then the RNA has adenine DNA has cytosine then RNA has guanine DNA has guanine then RNA has cytosine

Question 29

How does the mRNA leave the nucleus?

Answer 29

through the nuclear pores

Question 30

What is translation or protein synthesis?

Answer 30

when RNA is used to make a protein

Question 31

What organelle does protein synthesis or translation?

Answer 31

ribosome

Question 32

The anticodon on the tRNA is complementary with the ______________________

Answer 32

codon on the mRNA

Question 33

What kind of mutation changes one base-pair for a different base-pair in the DNA sequence of a gene?

Answer 33

base-pair substitution | if it is only one base pair then it can be called a point mutation

Question 34

What kind of mutation adds or deletes a base pair in the DNA sequence of a gene?

Answer 34

frameshift mutation....because it shifts all of the codons ...

Question 35

What does a mutation on DNA cause?

Answer 35

changes the DNA triplet..... which then changes the mRNA codons....... which then changes the tRNA anticodons...which then causes the wrong amino acid(s) to be brought in.....which then leads to the wrong protein being made (wrong shape and then can't do its function)

Question 36

______________is the process in which the phenotype of bacteria are changed by absorbing genetic material from an outside foreign source.

Answer 36

transformation

Question 37

The rungs(steps) of the DNA ladder are made of_____________.

Answer 37

nitrogen bases

Question 38

What enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases of the DNA molecule.

Answer 38

DNA helicase

Question 39

What enzyme does DNA replication?

Answer 39

DNA polymerase

Question 40

What enzyme does transcription?

Answer 40

RNA polymerase

Question 41

__________________are the fragments formed during eukaryotic DNA replication on the lagging strand.

Answer 41

Okazaki fragments

Question 42

____________________is the enzyme that glues the pieces of the lagging strand back together during eukaryotic DNA replication.

Answer 42

DNA ligase

Question 43

___________________are proteins that help muscles contract.

Answer 43

Actin and myosin

Question 44

___________________are proteins that give structural support in your body.

Answer 44

collagen and elastin( ligaments, tendons, skin)

Question 45

______________is the protein found in your hair and nails and animal’s feathers, horns, and quills.

Answer 45

keratin

Question 46

What protein is not made correctly and leads to sickled red blood cells? What does this protein do for the organism?

Answer 46

hemoglobin.....carries oxygen in the red blood cell

Question 47

What is any factor in the environment that causes a change in the DNA called? Give some examples

Answer 47

mutagen because it causes a mutation on the DNA of a gene | Ex: tobacco, uv radiation, x-ray radiation, asbestos

Question 48

What is a cancer causing agent called?

Answer 48

carcinogen

Question 49

How many different kinds of amino acids are floating freely in the cytoplasm? Where do the amino acids that are in the cytoplasm come from?

Answer 49

20 different kinds The amino acids come from the proteins that we eat(eggs, peanuts, red beans, meat) being broken down in digestive system by hydrolysis and then absorbed into the blood stream at the small intestine and then get from the blood into the cell by simple diffusion

Question 50

Is the genetic code universal?

Answer 50

yes it is...this means that the genetic code is the same for all living things ...a GCA codon will bring in the amino acid alanine whether the organism is a bacteria, or a tree, or a human.

Question 51

What is the central dogma of biology?

Answer 51

DNA makes RNA makes protein

Question 52

What makes up the genetic code on the DNA?

Answer 52

the nucleotides(which are named by the nitrogen base on them)

Question 53

Are genes expressing(making their proteins) all of the time?

Answer 53

No ...genes only turn on(expressed) when the protein product is needed

Question 54

Does a muscle cell have all of the same genes as a skin cell?

Answer 54

Yes...what makes the muscle cell different than the skin cell is which of the genes are turned on EX: A muscle cell will have the gene that makes actin and mysoin turned on but a skin cell will have that same gene turned off because it does not need actin or mysoin)

Question 55

What do we call it when a cell takes on its job?

Answer 55

differentiation ( this is accomplished by specific genes turning on and other genes turning off)