Dog/Cat Flashcards
(181 cards)
1
Q
Cat presents with head tilt, circling, horizontal nystagmus- what should you do first
A
Otic exam- vestibular dz can be peripheral or central
2
Q
Besides an otic exam, what is another quick diagnostic that should be performed on a vestibular-presenting patient
A
Blood pressure- vascular accident important to r/o
3
Q
What is the risk increase of delayed spay
A
8% greater risk after one heat, 26% greater risk after 2, no decrease in risk if spayed after 3rd
4
Q
What feline URT pathogen causes oral ulcers
A
Calicivirus
5
Q
Herpes virus in cats causes
A
ocular and dendritic ulcers
6
Q
Name 4 guidelines for when to treat VPCs
A
HR >180, >20 seconds run, pulse deficits, clinically affected
7
Q
What class of drug is mexilitine
A
oral class I anti-arrhythmic
8
Q
What pre-med causes marked splenic dilation with blood and a corresponding decrease in hematocrit concentration
A
Acepromazine- splenomegaly and decreased Hgb concentration
9
Q
The most commonly reported organisms recovered in animals with endocarditis include :
A
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp., Corynebacterium sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Erysipelothrix, E. coli, and Bartonella sp.
10
Q
Describe boxer cardiomyopathy
A
electrical disease causing frequent VPCs to occur. Dilation of the heart may occur in 10-15% of cases. The best way to diagnose Boxer cardiomyopathy is with a 24 hour cardiac Holter monitor.
11
Q
Why are cats particularly sensitive to acetaminophen
A
Decreased glucuronyl transferase activity which conjugates acetaminophen to glucuronic acid for excretion
12
Q
Warfarin tx goal
A
1.5-2x normal PT
13
Q
Name a tumor which is often testosterone-dependent
A
Perianal adenoma
14
Q
Doxy in young- SE
A
Delayed bone growth, teeth discoloration
15
Q
Major SE cyclophosphamide, cause of it, prevention
A
Sterile hemorrhagic cystitis from breakdown product acrolein, keep hydrated, freq urination (think bladder is round- cyclo)
16
Q
Doxorubicin major SE
A
Cardiotoxicity
17
Q
L-asparginase major SE
A
Anaphylaxis
18
Q
Major SE carboplatin
A
nephrotoxicity
19
Q
Major SE vinctistine
A
Ileus
20
Q
Normal water intake
A
10-60mL/kg/d
21
Q
Cushings avg water intake
A
80-100 mL/kg/d
22
Q
Chemo drug causes cardiotoxicity
A
Doxo
23
Q
Chemo drug causes anaphylaxis
A
L-spar
24
Q
Chemo drug causes sterile hemorrhagic cystitis
A
cyclophosphamide
25
Chemo drug causes ileus
Vincristine (think- vincrisTINE intesTINE)
26
Chemo drug causes nephrotoxicity
Carboplatin
27
Ketoconazole SE
HEpatotoxic- elev liver enz, p450 inhibitor, adrenal insufficiency (remeber: tx for cushings), anoerxia (esp cats)
28
Which mites cause pustules
ONLY demodex
29
Effects of phenothiazines
Sedation, hypotension, decreased hematocrit d/t splenic sequestration, decreased myocardial sensitivity to catecholamine induced arrhythmias
30
Most common ear pathogen and the three next most frequent
Staph. pseudintermedius; often: pseudomonas, e.coli, proteus
31
Drug of choice- myasthenia gravis
Pyridostigmine (Ach inhibitor- anticholinesterase); can also use corticosteroids to reduce immune attack on Ach receptors
32
What direction do GDVs rotate
Counter clockwise when looking at patient from cr-cau
33
Four components of nephrotic syndrome
proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, hypercholesterolemia, ascites/edema
34
Why is hypercoaguability seen in PLNs
loss of antithrombin III
35
Name drugs causing KCS
Sulfas, atropine (chronic), etodolac
36
Human rabies exposure vax protocol
Human IG injection then 4 RV vax
37
What is pannus
Chronic superficial keratitis, GSDs with UV light exposure altering corneal proteins leading to corneal melanosis
38
Result of tx with too much allopurinol, explain physiology
Xanthine stones- this Rx treats urates in dalmatians by inhibiting xanthine oxidase which makes xanthine metabolites, stops purine metab preventing high uric acid production, but if too high xanthine accumulates
39
Pradofloxacin contraindications, SE
Dogs! Causes bone marrow suppresison
40
What kind of drug is PPA, actions
weak alpha agonist; increased urethral sphincter tone
41
What breed is predisposed to Canine familial dermatomyositis
Collies and shelties
42
Name an adrenergic vasoconstrictor
Epinephrine, phenylephrine
43
Function of isoproterenol
Vasodilation
44
Vasopressin- type of drug, effect
non-adrenergic (V-1 receptor) vasoconstrictor
45
What nerve is responsible for lacrimation
CN 7 (Facial)
46
Most common skin tumor in the dog
Sebaceous gland tumor- (seb hyperplasia, esp epithelioma, seb adenoma, seb adeno carc)- wart/cauliflower appearance, limb/trunk/eyelids, <1cm, cocker, beagle, poodle, mini schnauz
47
What agent is most common bacterial cause of pyoderma
Staph pseudintermedius
48
Sex predilection for agasaca and addisons
Female
49
Three common organisms in kennel cough
Bordetella, mycoplasma, influenza
50
Max safe K supplementation rate dog
0.5 mEq/kg/hr (higher = fatal arrhythmia)
51
What part of the bone is most common in OSA
Metaphysis- most metabolically active
52
Spherules on cytology pathognomonic for
Coccidiomycosis
53
Any pre healthy dog with acute dyspnea and unremarkable rads should have what as a ddx
PTE (split second heart sound from pulmonary hypertension)
54
What org is best seen on dark field microscopy and why
Lepto- poorly staining gram neg
55
Ddx lytic/proliferative lesions that cross joint
Fungal/bacterial osteomyelitis, neo (synovial cell sarc crosses joint)
56
Positive pinnal pedal reflex indicates what
Sarcoptic mange (70%, but can be positive in any pruritis)
57
Tx lead poisoning
Ca-EDTA (chalates lead), can also use succimer or d-penicillamine
58
Most common usage for D-penicillamine, others
Copper toxicity; lead, copper, iron, mercury
59
Tx acetaminophen toxicity
n-acetylcysteine
60
What drug should be used when Sx requires no respiratory motion
Neuromuscular blocking agents- succinylcholine (depolarizing), pancuronium, d-tubocuraine, atracurium (all non-depolarizing)
61
What parasite causes hydatid cyst disease in humans which can be fatal; tx
Echinococcus granulosus- hydatid tapeworm (non pathogenic in dogs); tx: praziquantel
62
Chemo tx for cutaneous MCT
vinblastine, lomustine alternating; tyrosine kinase inhibitors (palladia/toceranib)
63
Effect of diltiazem
slows HR via inhibition of CA influx into myocardial cells- Ca Channel blocker
64
CS of Familial Shar Pei Fever (FSF)
high fever, tarsal swelling; predispose to amyloidosis leading to proteinuria
65
What kind of arrhythmia can lead to a-fib
Supraventricular tachycardia
66
What adverse reaction are Dobermans predisposed to when using trimethoprim-sulfa?
Hypersensitivity reaction- III- arthritis, nephritis, uveitis
67
What severe side effect is seen with cats and diazepam
Fulminant hepatic necrosis
68
What test has the highest negative predictive value for FIP (best at ruling it out)
Rivalta's test- >90% (
69
In a feline subtotal colectomy- what vessel limits the amount of colon you can remove
Ileocolic a.
70
Tx feline polycystic kidneys; name breed
Fluids, low protein diet, gastric protectants; Persians, himalayan, British shorthair
71
What type of diet should be fed to panceratitis cats
Normal- no low fat needed
72
Ab tap findings- cat with FIP
yellow, high protein (close to serum) and moderate cell counts
73
B blood type cats
Rex, rags, folds, shorthairs, himalayan
74
What antibiotic is not absorbed well in feline GI tract
Neomycin (aminoglycosides)
75
Tx tritrichomonas foeus in cats
Ronidazole
76
Tx carpal hyperextension injury
Arthrodesis
77
Zinc tox causes
Hemolysis, heinz body anemia
78
Salmon poisoning dz- etio, vector
Neorickettsia helminthoeca via ung fluke nanophyetus salmincola
79
Most common ddx for cough in 2 month puppy
Toxocara canis- roundworm passed transplacentally
80
Most common cause of cervical ventroflexion weakness
HypoK
81
Transmission of cytauxzoon, cyto appearance
tick, signet ring shaped org in RBC
82
Classic FIP lesion
pyogranulomatous vasculitis from Ag-Ab complex deposition- peritoneal and pleural effusion
83
Dx vertical nystagmus
central vestibular dz
84
Circling and head tilt go ____ the lesion
Towards
85
What cell lines are affected by FIV
T helper, macrophage, B cell, cytotoxic T-cell (NOT platelets)
86
Two sequelae of taurine deficiency in cats
Retinal degeneration, HCM
87
Hepatic lipidosis cat findings
mod ALP, norm GGT, elev bili
88
Common SE- metronidazole
Facial pruritis
89
Feline lungworm, tx
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, ivermectin
90
E. canis- trophism, main CS
Mononuclear cells, thrombocytopenia
91
E. ewingii- trophism, main CS
granulocytes (look in buffy coat for morula in WBC), poly arthropathy
92
Tx erlichia in puppies
Chloramphenicol (avoid teeth discoloration)
93
Erlichia ticks
RAD- C/E-C/C (rhip- canis; ambly- ewing and chaff; dermacentor- chaff)
94
Anaplasma ticks
Platys- rhip; phago- ixodes
95
Anaplasma platys- trophism
Platelets!
96
Ana phagocyto- trophism
neuts
97
Patomac horse fever- agent
Neoricketsia ricketsii
98
CS- salmon poisoning
fever then hypothermia
99
RSMF- vector, CS
dermacentor, vasculitis (consumptive thrombocytopenia) leading to hypotension, edema, death
100
Tick Dx
serology (elisa Ab) and PCR
101
Rabies- vectors by region
East- raccoons; skunks- central and west; foxes south west
102
Rabies- patho, timing of shedding
bite- saliva to myocytes to peripheral nerves, up spinal cord, to brain, then to peripheral tissues/ salivary glands- shedding 1-5 days before CS (this is why 10d quarantine)
103
RV- CS
furious (1-7 d)- forebrain; pralytic (2-4d post-1st CS)- LMN paralysis progressing from bite site
104
Dx RV
Brain tissue direct fluorecent Ab- negri bodies found
105
Parvo- transmission, incubation period, risk timing
oronasal; 2-7 days (shedding during and 7-10 days after resolution); starting at 6 weeks (maternal Ab)
106
Parvo- effects
intestinal crypts, bone marrow- granulocytes (lymphoid cell necrosis and neutropenic)
107
Coronavirus
Shed in feces, most get from mother
108
Coronavirus- CS, tx
(villi tip blunting) mild yellowish diarrhea- no blood; usually self limiting
109
Present: respiratory and GI signs
Think distemper
110
Distemper- trophism, pathophys
macrophages (inclusions seen in RBCs- larger than HJ body); respiratory to lymphoid tissue to macrophages to more lymphoid tissue then circulating
111
Distemper CS phases, signs
Resp/GI signs --> +/-Acute encephalitis (1-3 weeks later, chewing gum seizures, myoclonus- rarely rsolve) -->
subacute/chronic --> +/- rare old dog recrusdescence encephalitis; Upper resp, pneumonia, then GI, occasional dermal lesions (vesicular/pustular dermatitis with no CNS; digital hyperkeratosis with CNS), dental hypoplasia
112
Distemper- exposure, shedding
aerosol or droplet; 7 days PI for up to 60-90 d
113
Presenting: D and leukopenia
Parvo
114
Dx distemper-
CS, RBC inclusion; Ab (blood CSF), PCR of CSF, urine, blood, oral swab)
115
Present: blue eye, cervical LN, hemorrhage
Canine infectious hepatitis
116
Canine infectious hepatitis- agent/type, dz, trans
CAV-1 (adenovirus dsDNA), infectious canine hepatitis, oronasal fomite
117
CAV-1- pathogenesis
oronasal to tonsil, to LN, viremia in blood, spread to liver and vascular endothelium
118
Canine influenza- virus, lineage; new strain; shedding times
H3N8 (7-10d shedding even when asymp); via equine H3N8); new H3N2 (up to 21 d)
119
Dx Canine influenza
PCR- nasal or pharyngeal (but small window, might need serology convalescent titers)
120
Histoplasma- geo area,
Mississ/Ohio
121
Histoplasma, appearance
Round, budding yeast in macs > neuts, others
122
Histoplasma- trans and pathogen
Inhaled from ubiquitous in soil, convert to yeast at body temp in lung, spread via blood/lymph (may also be in skin/GI only, rare)
123
Histoplasma- signs
GI primarily- (large bowel D with weight loss) > pulmonary, occasional lameness, hepatosplenomegaly, BM
124
Dx histoplasma
Cytology for organisms of blood, TTW, rectal scrape, CSF, etc - DONT send to lab to culture- ZOO
125
Tx histoplasma
Itraconazole (in worse- amphoteracin B) for 4-6m or more; anti-inflam pred in pulmonary cases
126
Large broad based budding
Blastomyces
127
Blasto- trans; patho
Spore inhalation; lung then everywhere-
resp, skin, eye, bone, LN, brain- EXCEPT intestine (v rare) --- all via BAD-1 (blasto adhesion Ag- depresses TNFa and allows dissemination)
128
Dx blasto
Cytology- LN, fluid, lesion impression smear; ELISA (x-rxn with histopl)
129
Tx blasto
Itra 60-90d or more, 20% recur in first year
130
Coccidiomycosis- transmission
Inhalation of airborne arthroconidia, SPHERULE replicates and spreads; infectious but not contagious
131
Coccidio- CS
Dry cough- hilar LN'pathy; roductive cough- alveolar; Usually stays lung/hilar, but can disseminiate- MSkel, LN, seizure, skin, *CHF restrictive pericarditis
132
Coccidio- dx
Ab (latex, ELISA) are best, follow titers
133
Coccidio tx-
8-12m with itraconazole
134
PResent: dog with nasal signs and depigmentation
Aspergillosis
135
Asper- trans, patho
respiratory epithelium, produce gliotoxin which inhibits macs
136
Aspergillosis- types/trophism
Fumigatus- sinonasal; terreus- disseminated
137
Asper- CS
Nasal (sneeze, d/c, epistaxis- turbinate/crib plate osteomyelitis), depigmentation, ocular d/c, neuro signs (cavernous sinus syndrome can take out nerves)
138
Dx asper
FUNGAL PLAQUES, Turbinate destruction on CT/rhinoscopy; histo -septal branching hyphae on cytology/histo (ddx from penicillium)
139
Tx sinonasal asper
Topical clotrimazole long term/life; (or enilconazole) +/- trephination
140
Disseminated Asper- breed, locations
GSD: IVD (diskospondylitis 2-3 weeks post CS), renal glomeruli (can find hyphae in urine), uveal tract in uveitis
141
Dx disseminated Asper
Systemic: voriconazole ($) > itra, terbina, amphoteracin B, for 6-12m but usually life
142
Why dont -azoles work well in pythium
No chitin in cell wall (has beta glucan)
143
Dx pythium
Intestinal wall/mass >> LN (rarely find here)
144
Pythium tx
Itra + terbinafine; capsofungin inhibits B-glucan synthase but $$$ (10k/month)
145
Toxoplasma gondii- DH
Cats, oocysts shed in feces for 2-3 weeks PI, then rare/never after
146
Toxoplasma- pathogenesis
ingest oocyst/tissue cyst --> excyst in intestine --> form tachyzoite --> intracellular multiplication in mm. (>brain, liver, lung, eye)
147
Toxoplasma in dogs- CS
Young: general infection, fever, generalized GI; Older: neuro/muscular
148
Dx toxoplasma
Serum Paired Ab titer- IgM and IgG
149
Tx toxoplasma
clindamycin or TMS- suppress replication/shedding, not eliminate
150
Neospora- pathogenesis, progresses like toxo
ingestion of bovine placenta
151
Neospora- CS, age differences
Neuro and mm. (>lier, lung, myocardial); young <6m (rarely seen): severe, disseminated; >6m: CNS, polymyositis
152
Neospora- tx
Clindamycin, TMS
153
What form of hepatozoonosis is in NA
Hepatozoon americanum (v canis)
154
Hepatozoon transmission, pathophys
Ingest rhipicephalus- releases sporocysts in intestines where they reproduce
155
Hepatozoon CS
SEVERE neutrophilia, muscle pain, fever, weight loss
156
Dx hepatozoon
Organism location in blood smear/cyto
157
Tx hepatozoon
Imidocarb + doxycycline
158
Present: AKI with TCP and/or signs of vasculitis/uveitis
Lepto
159
Leptosporosis- trans
Indirect (most common)- water/soil/food; Direct: urine, venereal, transplacental, bite, ingest tissue
160
Leptosporosis- pathogenesis
Start with AKI, then progress to liver
161
Leptosporosis CS
Renal and liver, fever, +/- petechia/ecchy from vasculitis, uveitis
162
What group of Leptosporosis is pathogenic
Interrogans senu lato
163
Dx lepto
MAT (micro agglutinationtest)- convalescent titers with 4 fold increase (use same lab); PCR of blood (short early window) or urine (negative early)
164
Tx lepto
Start with IV penicillin (elim leptoviremia, but are still shedding); doxy to eliminate carrier state
165
Ddx- diskospondylitis
Asper, brucella, common bacterial (staph)
166
Brucellosis - transmission
THINK INTACT: oronasal contact of vaginal/seminal/urine fluids, or aborted materials, ZOONOTIC, reportable in FL
167
CS- brucella canis
Abortion, epididymitis, , splenomegaly, LN, diskospon
168
Dx brucella canis
Rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT) (false + possible, but negative reliable)- do Tube Agglutination Test (TAT) if RSAT +
169
Tx brucella-
difficult- multiple via tatra, aminog, FQs; castrate/spay; consider euthanasia due to zoonosis
170
Bartonella- transmission, zoonosis
A lot we dont know: flea, cat scratch, ticks, ZOO: endocarditis in humans
171
Dx bartonella
Special culture media followed by PCR of culture- can get false negative if treated
172
Tx bartonella
? doxy + FQ, cant eliminate
173
Cyto appearance of hemotrophic mycoplasma
epicellular- dogs: chains on RBC, cats: single on RBC
174
Transmission- mycoplasma
Rhipicephalus, blood transfusions
175
CS mycoplasma canis
Splenectomized dogs: IMHA, anemia
176
Dx: mycoplasma
PCR, boood smear WITHOUT edta
177
Tx mycoplasma
Tetracyclines like Doxy +/- pred for IMHA
178
HW life cycles
L1-3 in mosquito, L3 infects, L4 is adult (Ag presence)
179
Caval syndrome- describe pathogenesis
Obstruction of venous flow to heart due to obstruction- leading to RBC hemolysis from turbulence (may se Hgb'uria)
180
Dx- HW
MF'a: direct smear, Modified knots (Dirofilaria- straight, with tapered head; reconditum- swirly, blunted top); Ag testing of F
181
Tx HW
Melarsomine with split treatment after 2-3 m macrocytic lactones and 30 d of doxy; pred for dogs with bronchial dz, heavy worm load
