Dog Pelvic Limb

Question 1

Biceps femoris (hamstring)

Answer 1

O: Sacrotuberous ligament and ischiatic tuberosity
I: Patella (by means of fascia lata and crural fascia), patellar ligament, cranial border of tibia; subcutaneous part of tibial body (by means of crural fascia); tuber calcanei
A: Extend hip, stifle, and hock; caudal part flexes stifle
N: Sciatic nerve
AS: Distal caudal femoral a., caudal gluteal a.

Question 2

Semitendinosus (hamstring)

Answer 2

O: Ischiatic tuberosity
I: Disto-cranial border of the tibia, medial surface of tibial body and tuber calcanei (by means of the crural fascia)
A: To extend the hip, flex the stifle, and extend the hock
N: Sciatic n.
AS: Distal caudal femoral a., caudal gluteal a.

Question 3

Semimembranosus (hamstring)

Answer 3

O: Ischiatic tuberosity
I: Distal medial lip of the caudal rough surface of the femur and the medial condyle of the tibia
I: Extend the hip; part attached to femur extends the stifle; part attached to tibia flexes or extends stifle, depending on limb position
N: Sciatic n.
AS: Middle caudal femoral a., distal caudal femoral a., caudal gluteal a.

Question 4

Sartorius (cranial and caudal parts)

Answer 4

O: Cranial part- the crest of the ilium and thoracolumbar fascia; caudal part- cranial ventral iliac spine and adjacent ventral border of the ilium
I: Cranial part- the patella (in common w/ rectus femoris) ; caudal part- cranial border of tibia (in common w/ gracilis)
A: To flex the hip; cranial part extends the stifle; caudal part flexes stifle
N: Femoral n.
AS: Superficial circumflex iliac a., iliolumbar a.

Question 5

Gracilis

Answer 5

O: Pubic symphysis by the symphysial tendon
I: Cranial border of tibia and the tuber calcanei
A: To adduct limb, flex stifle, and extend hip and hock
N: Obturator n.
AS: Proximal caudal femoral a.

Question 6

Femoral Triangle

Answer 6

Shallow triangular space through which the femoral artery and vein run to and from the pelvic limb

Bordered by:

• caudal belly of sartorius (cranially)
• pectineus and adductor (caudally)
• ilopsoas and rectus femoris (proximal and laterally)
• vastus medialis (distal and laterally)

Question 7

Pectineus

Answer 7

O: Iliopubic eminence and pubic tubercle via prepubic tendon
I: Distal end of the medial lip of the caudal rough face of the femur
A: To adduct the limb
N: Obturator n.
AS: Proximal caudal femoral a.

Question 8

Adductor

Answer 8

O: Entire pelvic symphysis (by means of symphysial tendon), adjacent part of ischiatic arch, and ventral surface of pubis and ischium
I: Entire lateral lip of the caudal rough face of the femur
A: To adduct limb and extend hip
N: Obturator n.
AS: Proximal caudal femoral a., middle caudal femoral a a., medial circumflex femoral a., caudal gluteal a.

Question 9

Tensor fasciae latae

Answer 9

O: Tuber coxae and adjacent part of ilium; aponeurosis of middle gluteal m.
I: Lateral femoral fascia
A: To tense the lateral femoral fascia, flex the hip, and extend the stifle
N: Cranial gluteal n.
AS: Superficial circumflex iliac a., lateral circumflex femoral a., iliolumbar a.

Question 10

Superficial gluteal m.

Answer 10

O: Lateral border of sacrum and 1st caudal vertebra (partly by sacrotuberous ligament); cranial dorsal iliac spine (by means of deep gluteal fascia)
I: Third trochanter of femur
A: To extend the hip and abduct the limb
N: Caudal gluteal n.
AS: Caudal gluteal a., lateral circumflex femoral a.

Question 11

Middle gluteal

Answer 11

O: Crest and gluteal surface of the ilium
I: Greater trochanter of ilium
A: To extend and abduct the hip and to rotate pelvic limb medially
N: Cranial gluteal n.
AS: Cranial gluteal a., caudal gluteal a., lateral circumflex femoral a., iliolumbar a.

Question 12

Deep gluteal

Answer 12

O: Body of the ilium; ischiatic spine
I: Cranial aspect of the greater trochanter of femur
A: To extend and abduct the hip and rotate pelvic limb medially
N: Cranial gluteal n.
AS: Cranial gluteal a.

Question 13

Articularis coxae

Answer 13

O: Lateral surface of ilium
I: Neck of the femur
A: Acts as a surgical landmark for identifying the craniolateral aspect of the hip joint capsule

Question 14

Piriformis

Deep caudal portion of middle gluteal muscle

Answer 14

O: Crest and gluteal surface of the ilium
I: Greater trochanter of the femur
A: To extend and abduct the hip and rotate pelvic limb medially
N: Cranial gluteal n.
AS: Cranial gluteal a.

Question 15

Internal obturator

Answer 15

O: Symphysis pelvis and dorsal surface of ischium and pubis
I: Trochanteric fossa of the femur
A: To rotate the pelvic limb laterally at the hip
N: Sciatic n.
AS: Medial circumflex femoral a.

Question 16

Gemelli

Answer 16

O: Lateral surface of ischium
I: Trochanteric fossa of the femur 
A: To rotate the pelvic limb laterally at the hip
N: Sciatic n.
AS: Medial circumflex femoral a.

Question 17

Quadratus femoris

Answer 17

O: Ventral surface of the caudal part of the ischium
I: Intertrochanteric crest of the femur
A: To extend the hip and rotate the pelvic limb laterally
N: Sciatic n.
AS: Medial circumflex femoral a.

Question 18

External obturator

Answer 18

O: Ventral surface of pubis and ischium
I: Trochanteric fossa of the femur
A: To rotate the pelvic limb laterally
N: Obturator n.
AS: Medial circumflex femoral a.

Question 19

Quadriceps femoris

1. Rectus femoris
2. Vastus Lateralis
3. Vastus Intermedius
4. Vastus medialis

Answer 19

O: Rectus femoris- ilium; vasti muscles- proximal femur
I: Tibial tuberosity
A: To extend the stifle and flex the hip (rectus)
N: Femoral n.
AS: Rectus- superficial circumflex iliac a., vasti and rectus- lateral circumflex femoral a.

Question 20

Iliopsoas (Comprised of psoas major and iliacus)

Answer 20

O: Psoas major- lumbar vertebrae; iliacus- cranioventral ilium
I: Lesser trochanter of the femur
A: To flex the hip (major hip flexor)
N: Ventral branches of lumbar spinal n., femoral n.
AS: Iliolumbar a.

Question 21

Cranial tibial

Answer 21

O: The extensor groove and adjacent articular margin of the tibia; the lateral edge of the cranial tibial border
I: Plantar surface of the base of metatarsals I and II
A: To flex the tarsocrural joint and to rotate paw laterally so that plantar surface faces medially
N: Fibular n.
AS: Cranial tibial a.

Question 22

Long digital extensor

Answer 22

O: Extensor fossa of the femur
I: Extensor processes of the distal phalanges of digits II, III, IV, and V
A: To extend the digits and flex the tarsus
N: Fibular n.
AS: Cranial tibial a.

Question 23

Fibularis longus

Answer 23

O: Lateral condyle of the tibia, the proximal end of the fibula, and lateral epicondyle of the femur (by means of the lateral collateral ligament of the stifle)
I: 4th tarsal bone; plantar aspect of the base of the metatarsals
A: To flex the tarsus and rotate the paw medially so plantar surface faces laterally
N: Fibular n.
AS: Cranial tibial a.

Question 24

Gastrocnemius (medial and lateral heads)

Answer 24

O: Medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosities of the femur
I: Proximal dorsal surface of the tuber calcanei
A: To extend the tarsus and flex the stifle
N: Tibial n.
AS: Saphenous a., distal caudal femoral a., popliteal a.

Question 25

Superficial digital flexor

Answer 25

O: Lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur I: Tuber calcanei and bases of the middle phalanges of digits II, III, IV, and V A: To flex the first two digital joints of the four principal digits; flex the stifle; extend the tarsus N: Tibial n. AS: Distal caudal femoral a., popliteal a.

Question 26

Common calcaneal tendon

Answer 26

``` Biceps femoris Gracilis Gastrocnemius Semitendinosus Superficial digital flexor ```

Question 27

Deep digital flexor (lateral and medial heads)

Answer 27

O: Caudal aspect of the proximal 2/3rds of the tibia, the proximal 1/2 of the fibula, and the adjacent interosseous membrane I: Flexor tubercle on the plantar surface of the base of each of the distal phalanges A: To flex the digits and extend the tarsus N: Tibial n. AS: Distal caudal femoral a., popliteal a.

Question 28

Popliteus

Answer 28

``` O: Lateral epicondyle of the femur I: Proximal 1/3rd of caudal surface of tibia A: To rotate the leg medially N: Tibial n. AS: Popliteal a. ```

Question 29

Fascia lata (Lateral femoral fascia)

Answer 29

Thick sheath of fascia serving as aponeurotic insertion for thigh muscles

Question 30

Crural extensor retinaculum

Answer 30

Band of deep crural fascia that binds down the tendons of the long digital extensor and the cranial tibial muscles

Question 31

Tarsal extensor retinaculum

Answer 31

Fibrous loop that attaches to the calcaneus and wraps around the tendon of the long digital extensor

Question 32

Tarsal tunnel

Answer 32

Formed by the sustentaculum tali, calcanean tuber, and flexor retinaculum; contains tendons of lateral digital flexor, medial and lateral plantar nerves, and caudal branch of saphenous artery

Question 33

Vascular lacuna

Answer 33

Medial compartment under the inguinal ligament for the passage of femoral vessels

Question 34

Autonomous zones of cutaneous innervation of pelvic limb

Answer 34

Saphenous n. - Medial crus, from stifle to hock Tibial n. - Plantar pes/digital surface Fibular n. - Lateral crus and dorsal digital surface, not including calcaneus Sciatic n.- proximal to greater trochanter, and includes zones for fibular and tibial n.; varies when caudal to femur Caudal cutaneous femoral n.- caudolateral femoral and hip region