Dogs and Cats Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
Toxascaris leonina - Host species / zoonoses
A
Dogs and cats; not zoonotic
2
Q
Toxascaris leonina - Life cycle(s)
A
Mucosal infection, direct OR via vertebrate paratenic host
3
Q
Toxascaris leonina - Pre-patent period
A
8-10 weeks
4
Q
Toxascaris leonina - Time to mature in environment
A
1-4 weeks
5
Q
Toxascaris leonina - Global distribution
A
Found worldwide, including in dogs (not cats) in Western Canada
6
Q
Toxascaris leonina - Survivability of eggs in environment
A
Survive for months to years, and are freeze-tolerant
7
Q
Toxascaris leonina - Clinical signs of infection
A
Signs seen in juveniles: Pot belly, poor growth, staring coat, diarrhea, and respiratory signs. Seizures and death possible but rare
8
Q
Toxocaris canis - Host species/zoonoses
A
Dogs only DH. Humans can be accidental PH
9
Q
Toxocaris canis - Life cycle(s)
A
- Direct life cycle with hepatotracheal migration
- Somatic migration and transplacental/transmammary transmission to offspring
- Mucosal growth with transmission via vertebrate paratenic hosts
10
Q
Toxocaris canis - Pre-patent period
A
4-5 weeks
11
Q
Toxocaris canis - Time to mature in environment
A
2-8 weeks
12
Q
Toxocaris canis - Geographical distribution
A
Found worldwide except the far North, and is very common in dogs in Canada
13
Q
Toxocaris canis - Zoonotic infection
A
Humans can be accidental paratenic hosts via ingestion of mature (larvated) eggs
14
Q
Toxocaris canis - Clinical signs
A
Signs seen in puppies. Pot belly, poor growth, staring coat, diarrhea, respiratory signs. Seizures and death possible but rare
15
Q
Toxocara cati - Host species / zoonoses
A
Cats only DH. Human infection possible
16
Q
Toxocara cati - Life cycle(s)
A
- Direct life cycle with hepato-tracheal migration
- Larvated egg ingestion, somatic migration and transmammary transmission
- Infection via vertebrate paratenic host with mucosal migration
17
Q
Toxocara cati - Pre-patent period
A
8 weeks (6 for mucosal infections)
18
Q
Toxocara cati - Time to mature in environment
A
2-4 weeks
19
Q
Toxocara cati - Geographical distribution
A
Globally distributed with high prevalence in cats in Western Canada
20
Q
Toxocara cati - Zoonotic infection
A
Humans can be accidental paratenic hosts via ingestion of larvated eggs (or ingestion of other paratenic hosts). Parasites found in liver, lungs, eyes, etc.
21
Q
Toxocara cati - Egg survival in environment
A
Eggs highly environmentally resistant
22
Q
Toxocara cati - Clinical signs
A
Less severe than T canis. In kittens can cause pot belly, poor growth, staring coat, diarrhea, respiratory signs. Seizures and death rare but possible
23
Q
Baylisascaris procyonis - Host species / zoonoses
A
Raccoons are main DH, but dogs can be DH/PH/transport hosts. Human infection possible
24
Q
Baylisascaris procyonis - Life cycle
A
- Direct infection of DH
- Infection via PH - birds, small mammals, dogs, humans
25
Baylisascaris procyonis - Time to mature in environment
2 weeks
26
Baylisascaris procyonis - Geographical distribution
Found anywhere in the world there are raccoons, including Western Canada, but very rare in dogs
27
Baylisascaris procyonis - Clinical signs
Paratenic - Variety of severe clinical signs, including neurological, etc.
Definitive - No clinical signs, but can be a source of single celled eggs in the environment
Transport - No clinical signs, but can be a source of larvated eggs in the environment
28
What are the four species of roundworms (ascarids) covered in this module?
Toxascaris leonina
Toxocaris canis
Toxocaris cati
Baylisascaris procyonis
29
How are GI nematodes treated in dogs and cats?
Antihelminthic treatment at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age, followed by monthly treatment until 6 months of age
Nursing females should be treated at 2 weeks post-partum, and pregnant females treated off-label
30
How are ascarids of dogs and cats typically diagnosed?
Fecal flotation. Coproantigen or CoproPCR is appropriate too.
EXCEPTION: Canine paratenic hosts of baylisascaris procyonis diagnosed via histology or serology
31
What are examples of antihelminthic drugs?
Macrocyclic lactones, pyrantel, benzimidazoles, emodepside, nitroscanate
32
What are the three hookworm species covered in this module?
Ancylostoma caninum
Ancylostoma tubaeforme
Uncinaria stenocephala
33
Uncinaria stenocephala - Host species / zoonoses
Dogs only DH. Not zoonotic
34
Uncinaria stenocephala - Life cycle
1. Infection via ingestion of ensheathed larvae or vertebrate PH --> mucosal migration
2. Infection of L3 through the skin --> semi-tracheal migration
35
Uncinaria stenocephala - Pre-patent period
2-3 weeks
36
Uncinaria stenocephala - Time to mature in environment
4-8 days (needs temperatures >7.5C)
37
Uncinaria stenocephala - Clinical signs
Rarely causes pathology (less serious than other hookworms). Protein-losing enteropathy, mucous diarrhea, dermatitis
38
Uncinaria stenocephala - Geographical distribution
Relatively common in Western Canada
39
Uncinaria stenocephala - Environmental survival of eggs
Not environmentally resistant, so relatively easy to remove
40
Ancylostoma caninum - Host species / zoonoses
Dogs only DH. Known zoonoses
41
Ancylostoma caninum - Life cycle(s)
1. Direct ingestion of ensheathed larvae or vertebrate > mucosal migration
2. Cutaneous invasion of L3 > semi-tracheal migration
2. Cutaneous invasion of L3 > somatic migration and transmammary infection
42
Ancylostoma caninum - Pre-patent period
2-3 weeks
43
Ancylostoma caninum - Time to mature in environment
5-8 days
44
Ancylostoma caninum - Clinical signs
Peracute infection of nursing pups (<2wks) -- severe anemia in PPP, melena, death
Acute infection of older pups -- severe anemia in PPP
Chronic infection of adults -- few-no signs unless concomitant health/immunity issues
Generally: Eczema of interdigital spaces/limbs/belly, respiratory signs
45
Ancylostoma caninum - Zoonotic infections
Cutaneous larval migrans and eosinophilic enterocolitis
46
Ancylostoma caninum - Risks associated with treatment
Multi-drug resistance emerging
Larval leak - gut repopulation from somatic pool following treatment
47
Ancylostoma caninum - Geographical distribution
Somewhat prevalent in Western Canada, more common in Southern USA
48
Ancylostoma caninum - Zoonotic infection
Humans are aberrant definitive hosts
49
Ancylostoma caninum - Egg survival in environment
Not environmentally resistant. Prefer warm, humid, unsanitary kennels
50
Ancylostoma tubaeforme - Host species / zoonoses
Cats only DH. Considered potentially zoonotic
51
Ancylostoma tubaeforme - Geographical distribution
Rare in Canadian cats, more common in USA
52
Ancylostoma tubaeforme - Clinical signs
Anemia, diarrhea, weight loss in kittens
53
Only threadworm species covered in this module?
Strongyloides stercoralis
54
Strongyloides stercoralis - Host species / zoonoses
Dogs only DH, human infection possible
55
Strongyloides stercoralis - Life cycle(s)
1. Ingestion of L3 and hepato-tracheal migration
2. Cutaneous invasion of L3 and semi-tracheal migration
3. Free-living (non-parasitic) in warm and wet environments
4. Transmammary and autoinfection possible
56
Strongyloides stercoralis - pre-patent period
7-14 days
57
Strongyloides stercoralis - Time to mature in environment
1-3 days
58
Strongyloides stercoralis - Clinical signs
Diarrhea, respiratory signs, dermatitis, abdominal pain, eosinophilic enterocolitis
59
Strongyloides stercoralis - Zoonotic infections
Typically appears as cutaneous lesions (migrating larvae) and/or GI signs in vulnerable individuals
60
Strongyloides stercoralis - Geographical distribution
Prefers warm and humid regions (S America, S Asia, Africa)
61
Two whipworm species covered in this course?
Trichuris vulpis
Trichuris serrata
62
Trichuris vulpis - Host species / zoonoses
Dogs only DH. Not zoonotic
63
Trichuris - Life cycle
Direct LC with mucosal migration
64
Trichuris - pre-patent period
2-3 months
65
Trichuris - Maturation in environment
1 week up to months depending on humidity
66
Trichuris - Egg survival in environment
Can survive for months to years. Environmentally resistant
67
Trichuris - Clinical signs
Chronic colitis with bloody, mucoid diarrhea
68
Trichuris vulpis - Geographical distribution
Global distribution. Present but not common in Western Canada
69
Dirofilaria immitis - Host species / zoonoses
Dogs are the main host
Rarely patent infections in cats
Not patent in humans; forms SQ and lung nodules
70
Dirofilaria immitis - Life cycle
Infection via mosquito intermediate hosts, which become infected by ingesting microfilariae (L1) and depositing L3
71
Dirofilaria immitis - pre-patent period
6-7 months
72
Dirofilaria immitis - Lifespan
Adults live 5-7 years (microfilaria 2 years)
73
Dirofilaria immitis - clinical signs
Decreased exercise tolerance, coughing, anorexia, weight loss
Possible right heart failure
Glomerulonephritis and proteinuria
74
Dirofilaria immitis - Specific diagnostic test
Knotts - Detects microfilaria
Adult female antigen detection via SNAP
75
Dirofilaria immitis - Geographical distribution
Uncommon in Canada. Most often seen in southern USA
76
Why might antigen tests for dirofilaria immitis be inaccurate?
False positives are possible
Immature females, single-sex (male) infections
Blocked antigen (due to antibodies)
77
Why might Knotts tests for dirofilaria immitis be inaccurate?
Testing during pre-patent period
Senescent infections
Masking from monthly preventatives
Diurnal patterns of microfilaria activity
78
Examples of drugs that can kill heartworm?
Ivermectin, moxidectin - Microfilaria
Melarsomine - Adults
Doxycycline - Bacteria in HW gut
79
When should heartworm preventative be administered?
One month after first possibility of exposure until 1 month after last possibility of exposure (May-Oct)
80
Angiostrongylus vasorum - Host species / zoonoses
DH: Dogs (canids), mustelids
Not zoonotic
81
Angiostrongylus vasorum - Geographical distribution
East coast of Canada
82
Angiostrongylus vasorum - Life cycle(s)
Infection by ingestion of gastropod IH or vertebrate PH containing L3
Heartworm with L1 shed in feces
83
Angiostrongylus vasorum - Clinical signs
R heart complications. Can cause DIC, CNS signs
84
Angiostrongylus vasorum - Diagnosis
Baermann (sedimentation) or bronchiolar lavage to detect larvae
ELISA for adult antigen
85
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus - Host species / zoonoses
Lungworm of cats. Not zoonotic
86
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus - life cycle(s)
Infection by ingestion of gastropod IH or vertebrate PH containing L3
Lungworm with L1 excretion in feces
87
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus - Geographical distribution
Seen in BC and Atlantic Canada
88
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus - clinical signs
Coughing, possible death
89
Crenosoma vulpis - host species / zoonoses
Lungworm of dogs and wild canids
90
Crenosoma vulpis - life cycle(s)
Infection by ingestion of gastropod IH with L3
Lungworm (bronchi/bronchioles) with L1 shed in feces
91
Crenosoma vulpis - diagnosis
Baermann fecal sedimentation
92
Filaroides osleri - host species and zoonoses
Seen mostly in wild canids and dogs that hunt them
93
Filaroides osleri - life cycle(s)
Grow in tracheal nodules. Direct life cycle with L1 shed in feces, saliva, and vomit, and is immediately infectious
94
Filaroides osleri - clinical signs
Possible pathognomonic cough/retch triggered by exercise and cold. Nodules can cause cyanosis and collapse in puppies
95
Filaroides hirthi - differences from F osleri
Found in lung parenchyma, not trachea. Clinical only if immunosuppressed dogs, and can cause fatal bronchopneumonia
96
Capillaria - host species and zoonoses
Dogs and cats are DH. Not zoonotic
97
Capillaria - Life cycle
Live in trachea/bronchi, nasal cavity/sinuses, or bladder (depending on species)
Eggs shed in feces
L1 develop in the eggs either in environment or in an IH
98
Dioctophyma renale - host species / zoonoses
Dogs, wild canids, mustelids. Rarely zoonotic
99
Diocytophyma renale - Geographical distribution
Relatively common in Manitoba and Ontario
100
Diocytophyma renale - life cycle
Eggs shed in urine, worm intermediate host, possible vertebrate PH
101
Taenia - Host species / zoonoses
Dog and cat DH. Not zoonotic
102
Taenia - life cycle(s)
Infection by ingestion of vertebrate IH. Gravid segments and eggs shed in feces
103
Taenia - pre-patent period
6-9 weeks
104
Taenia - Time to develop in intermediate host
2-3 months
105
Taenia - cyclophyllid metacestodes in intermediate hosts
Cysticercus - Single protoscolex in a fluid filled cyst
Coenurus - Many protoscolices on the wall of a fluid-filled cyst
Strobilocercus - Miniature adult with no cyst
106
Taenia - Clinical signs
Almost invariably subclinical
107
Taenia - diagnosis
Egg morphology from fecal flotation is not specific (identical to Echinococcus)
Segments or adults in feces/necropsy or antigen/PCR preferred
108
Examples of cestodicides?
Fenbendazole, praziquantel
109
Taenia - Egg survival in environment
Eggs are immediately infective, and environmentally resistant (not freeze tolerant)
110
Taenia - Geographical distribution
Somewhat common in Western Canada. Globally distributed
111
Echinococcus granulosus/canadensis - host species / zoonoses
Dogs/canids DH
Cervid IH
Possible zoonotic infection - humans as IH
112
Echinococcus canadensis - life cycle(s)
Infective eggs shed in feces, ingested by IH, predated by DH
113
Echinococcus canadensis - pre-patent period
6 weeks
114
Echinococcus canadensis - time to mature in IH
6-12 months
115
Echinococcus canadensis - larval cyst morphology in intermediate host
Cystic hydatid - many protoscolices free in fluid-filled cysts (hydatid sand)
116
Echinococcus - diagnosis
Fecal flotation has low sensitivity, eggs are identical to taenia. CoproPCR is preferred
117
Echinococcus - zoonotic infection
Humans as intermediate host - hydatid cysts can form in lungs, liver, etc.
118
Echinococcus canadensis - geographical distribution
Not super common in dogs, but very prevalent in wild canids. Found across Canada
119
Echinococcus - egg survival in environment
Eggs are highly resistant (even to most chemical disinfectants and freezing) and immediately infective
120
Echinococcus multilocularis - geographical distribution
All of Western Canada (except maybe Vancouver Island) considered endemic
121
Echinococcus multilocularis - life cycle(s)
Infective eggs shed in feces, ingested by small vertebrate IH
122
Echinococcus multilocularis - pre-patent period
35 days
123
Echinococcus multilocularis - time to mature in IH
2-4 months
124
Echinococcus multilocularis - larval cyst morphology in IH
Alveolar hydatid - many protoscolices free in multichambered fluid-filled cysts
125
Treatments for canine alveolar echinococcus?
Treat with adult cestodicide (e.g. praziquantel) for 2 days, then larval cestodicide (e.g. albendazole) long-term
126
Diplydium caninum - host species / zoonoses
DH dogs and cats
Humans can be DH
127
Diplydium caninum - life cycle(s)
gravid segments and egg packets shed in feces, ingested by flea larvae, infection via ingestion of fleas
128
Diplydium caninum - pre-patent period
2-3 weeks
129
Diplydium caninum - larval morphology in IH
Cysticercoid - single protoscolex with no cyst
130
Diplydium caninum - diagnosis
Segments relatively easy to detect in feces. Egg packets are heavy and do not float
131
Diplydium caninum - Geographical distribution
Found anywhere there are fleas, but most common on the coasts and further South
132
Mesocestoides - host species / zoonoses
DH dogs, cats, wild canids
Humans can be DH
133
Mesocestoides - life cycle(s)
Gravid segments shed in feces. Two intermediate hosts - arthropod and small vertebrate. Larvae can mature in GIT or peritoneal cavity
134
Dibothriocephalus - life cycle(s)
Eggs shed in feces, IH 1 is a crustacean, IH 2 is a fish, +/- pisciverous fish as a PH, then ingested by the dog
135
Dibothriocephalus - geographical distribution
Uncommon in Canada; distribution based on parasite species and their host reservoirs
136
Dibothriocephalus - zoonotic infection
Can be transmitted to humans as DH from ingestion of contaminated fresh (non-frozen, raw) fish. Can cause vitamin B12 deficiency and pernicious anemia in children
137
Alaria - host species and zoonoses
DH dogs, rarely cats/wild canids
People are a possible DH
138
Alaria - geographical distribution
Not uncommon in Western Canada
139
Alaria - life cycle(s)
Eggs shed in feces. Snail first IH, tadpole/frog second IH, +/- small mammal PH. Fluke grows in GIT (intestines) of DH
Trans-mammary transmission possible in cats
140
Nanophyteus salmincola - host species / zoonoses
Dogs DH (cats and other carnivores possible)
Humans possible DH
Can transmit rickettsia infections
141
Nanophyteus salmincola - geographical distribution
British Columbia and NW USA
142
Nanophyteus salmincola - life cycle(s)
Eggs shed in feces. Gastropod first IH. Salmonid fish second IH. Reproduces in intestines of DH
143
Metorchis conjunctus - host species and zooonoses
Dogs main DH. Cats, foxes, mustelids, humans also possible
144
Metorchis conjunctus - life cycle
Eggs shed in feces. Gastropod first IH. Suckerfish second IH. Reproduces in liver of DH
145
Three species of burrowing mites?
Sarcoptes (dogs)
Notoedres (cats)
Demodex
146
Morphological characteristic of Cheyletiella?
Papal claws, giant head
147
Morphological characteristic of Otodectes?
Caruncle on short pretarsus
148
Morphological characteristic of Eutrombicula?
6 legs - only larvae are parasitic!
149
Transmissibility of burrowing mites?
Generally minimally contagious, and host-specific (not zoonotic or only transiently)
150
Transmissibility of surface mites?
Generally highly contagious. Cheyletiella is zoonotic.
151
Two genera of hard ticks and how to differentiate them?
Dermacentor - Ornate scutum, festooned
Ixodes - Inornate scutum, not festooned
152
Diseases transmitted by dermacentor variabilis?
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, tularemia, Ehrlichia
153
Geographical distribution of dermacentor variabilis?
SK, MB, and East
154
Diseases transmitted by dermacentor andersoni?
RMSF, Tularemia, Colorado Tick Fever, tick paralysis
155
Geographical distribution of dermacentor andersoni?
Most common in BC (and Alberta)
156
Morphological characteristics of Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Inornate scutum, festooned, Darth Vader head
157
Geographical distribution of Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Not common in Canada; introduced from warmer regions
158
Difference between Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus?
Geographical (Eastern vs Western black legged tick)
159
Main disease transmitted by Ixodes ticks?
Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)
160
Location/seasonality of Ixodes ticks?
BC in Fall/Winter
161
What genus of flea is found in BC?
Ctenocephalides
162
Main morphological characteristic of Ctenocephalides fleas?
Combs (mustache and mullet)
163
Potential pathogens transmitted by fleas?
Diplydium caninum
Bartonella
Rickettsia
Yersinia pestis
164
Main morphological characteristic of Pulex fleas?
No combs
165
Canine chewing louse species?
Trichodectes canis
166
Trichodectes canis morphological characteristics?
Large wide head
167
Feline chewing louse species?
Felicola subrostratus
168
Felicola subrostratus morphological characteristic?
Large triangle head
169
Only important genus of sucking louse?
Lignognathus
170
How to ID human lice?
Visible eyes like little poppy seeds
171
Genus name of bot fly?
Cuterebra
172
