DOI OAM A100 Basic Aviation Safety Flashcards

Question

What are DOI Department Handbooks?

Answer 1

provide detailed procedures and requirements—for policy established in the Departmental Manuals (350 DM 2 §2.2 B).

Answer 2

Interagency Aviation Training

Answer 3

National Wildfire Coordinating Group

Answer 4

Each bureau differs in the way that they provide aviation guidance to their agency—some opt to place the bureau policy in their agency manuals, while others create a National Aviation Plan.

Answer 5

OPM-06 contains the minimum elements for Bureau National Aviation Management Plans

Answer 6

A Project/Mission Aviation Safety Plan (PASP/MASP) is a written description of the procedures and methods by which an organization will conduct safe and efficient aviation operations. All signed PASPs/MASPs become policy for their specific mission.

Answer 7

Yes and No. For those bureaus that perform similar special use aviation missions on a recurring or routine basis, the required PASP/MASP can be rolled into a station/unit aviation plan that is reviewed at least annually. In this instance, in place of a PASP/MASP, the bureau must have a documented process to capture the unique and special circumstances (Examples: dispatch log, passenger manifest). Project supervisors and management-level project approvers are responsible for ensuring PASPs/MASPs are completed. The Project Supervisor should work closely with aviation managers in preparing these plans. The level at which a PASP/MASP is approved is based on the risk level as determined by the written risk assessment/bureau approved SMS (Safety Management System) within the PASP/MASP. Project Aviation Safety Plans will include, at minimum, the 14 elements listed in OPM-6, Appendix 2.

Answer 8

The PASP/MASP must address all 14 elements For example: "USDA-FS—FSM-5711.1—Mission Aviation Safety Plans Prior to commencing non-emergency projects/missions involving the use of aircraft, Regional Directors, Area Director, Forest Supervisors, and Station Directors shall develop and document a Mission Aviation Safety Plan (MASP) that includes the 14 Elements of a Mission Aviation Safety Plan."

Answer 9

Mission Types: 1. Unmanned Systems Aircraft (UAS) missions 2. Point-to-Point missions 3. Special Use missions

Answer 10

Point-to-Point missions are flights that originate at one FAA- designated airport, seaplane base, or permanent helibase (identified in the FAA Airport/Facilities Directory, or FAA Sectional Aeronautical Charts), with the flight route direct to another FAA-designated airport, seaplane base, or permanent helibase. * The flight is conducted for the transportation of persons or cargo for administrative purposes, only. * A Point-to-Point flight is conducted at elevations higher than 500 feet above ground level (AGL), except for takeoff and landing. These types of flights are typically referred to as “Administrative Use” flights, which require the aircraft and pilot be approved for Point-to-Point flight.

Answer 11

Above Ground Level (AGL) For example, all Point-to-Point missions must maintain a >500 ft AGL during the flight except during takeoff and landing.

Answer 12

These are Point-to-Point mission flights that are between two FAA airports or bases and operated by pilots approved for Point-to-Point flights.

Answer 13

Generally, the FAA does not have pilot qualification standards, regulate, or have oversight for Special Use missions/flights. Examples of some Special Use missions: * Low level flight (within 500' of the surface) * Mountain flying (helicopter) * Resource reconnaissance * Fire reconnaissance * Short-Haul (helicopter) * Rappel (helicopter) * Single-skid, Toe-in, and Hover Exit/Entry Procedures (STEP) Operations (helicopter) * External load-short line ~50' (helicopter) * External load-longline >50' (helicopter) * Offshore platform landings (helicopter) * Vessel landings * Wheel operations on unprepared landing areas (airplane) * Aerial capture, eradication, tagging and animals (ACETA) * Aerial Ignition (PSD, Helitorch, UAS) * Aerial Supervision (Lead plane, ATGS)

Answer 14

Do not include the Point-to-Point transport of passengers and cargo

Answer 15

Interagency Life Support Equipment

Answer 16

Air Tactical Group Supervisor

Answer 17

PPE can include: * Flight helmet * Fire resistant clothing * FRC gloves * Leather or approved boots

Answer 18

a brief description of the planned mission objectives is stated. * Are the mission objectives attainable?

Answer 19

The PASP/MASP will cover Justification for the flight/mission by indicating why the project will require the use of an aircraft in Special Use flight conditions/environments—and list the most practical alternative for completion of the project. * Are you using the right tool(s) for the job? (via ground, type of aircraft—helicopter or fixed-wing, or both—make, model) * Is there a better way to complete this project?

Answer 20

The beginning and end Project Dates are to be defined in the PASP/MASP, but they may be approximate if the exact dates of the flight are not yet known at the time the PASP/MASP is created.

Answer 21

A descriptive Location must be defined in the PASP/MASP —and a location and hazard map are also required that clearly shows the area where the flights will occur, for the pilot and crew, for location familiarization. See #10 Aerial Hazard Analysis element below for a map. This section may provide latitude/longitude, driving directions, staging areas, airport, helibase, helispot, and fueling locations, etc.

Answer 22

The Projected Cost of Aviation Resources must be defined in the PASP/MASP, by entering information such as: * Cost code(s) * Projected flight hours cost * Projected miscellaneous expenses (e.g. overnight charges, service truck mileage, etc.) * Total cost of the aviation portion of the project

Answer 23

If known, identify the following Aircraft information: * Vendor or Aircraft Registration Number * Aircraft Type * Aircraft Registration (Data) Card Expiration Date * Mission Types for which the aircraft is approved

Answer 24

Owned/leased by the Bureau/Agency. These aircraft are more economical to operate than the vendor aircraft

Answer 25

Aircraft Rental Agreements

Answer 26

On-Call/Call-When-Needed

Answer 27

he Pilot(s) should be identified/named in the PASP/MASP, along with the following information on the Pilot(s): * Types of aircraft in which the Pilot is qualified * Types of missions for which the Pilot is qualified * Pilot Card expiration date

Answer 28

The USDA-FS (element # 1) and DOI (element # 8) have different wording, for this combined element of the PASP/MASP, for the purpose of the A-100 course. The PASP/MASP must include a list of the following participants and their associated, pertinent information: * Identify the qualified Project Aviation Manager (Supervision—USDA-FS) * All individuals/participants involved in the flight * Individuals’ project responsibilities * IAT positions/qualifications, per IAT Position Requirements Matrix—see IAT Guide and OPM-04. [Helicopter Manager–Resource, Helicopter Flight Manager (DOI), Passenger, Fixed-Wing Flight Manager, etc.] * Dates of last aviation training

Answer 29

“Personnel (not pilot/passenger) required to either be on board the aircraft/or attend to the loading and unloading of passengers and cargo at all landing and takeoffs and ensure that passengers have received a safety briefing prior to all missions. In addition, they perform an active mission function during a flight to ensure the successful outcome of the mission.” (Reference: OPM-04, IAT Guide)

Answer 30

Any person aboard an aircraft who does not perform the function of a flight crew member or an aircrew member. (References: DOI 350 DM1 and NWCG Glossary)

Answer 31

Mishap Response Plan Even with proper planning, aviation mishaps can still occur. It is a requirement that agencies/bureaus develop a written Mishap Response Plan, that serves several purposes and should include the following information: * It must be specific to the flight/location * It should expedite Search and Rescue (SAR) activities, in the event of a mishap * It should serve as a planning tool * It must be validated annually Confirm that a copy of the Mishap Response Plan is in place before your flight and filed with the following entities: * Dispatch * Flight Follower * Your Base of Operations

Answer 32

Mishap Response Plan, that serves several purposes and should include the following information: * It must be specific to the flight/location * It should expedite Search and Rescue (SAR) activities, in the event of a mishap * It should serve as a planning tool * It must be validated annually Confirm that a copy of the Mishap Response Plan is in place before your flight and filed with the following entities: * Dispatch * Flight Follower * Your Base of Operations

Answer 33

Prior to flight, an Aerial Hazard Analysis must be completed with an attached Aerial Hazard Map. Prior to any project flight(s), the following shall be accomplished: * Provide a briefing and a copy of the aerial hazards map to the pilot * Flights made in confined areas (e.g. deep, narrow canyons) require that a prior ground and/or aerial survey of hazards has been conducted * Planning concerning any Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFRs) and coordination with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)—and if appropriate, military authorities

Answer 34

Prior to flight, identify the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) —protective equipment and clothing—required for each, operation. Survival equipment (e.g., extra water, flotation devices, sleeping bags, etc.), beyond the normal PPE requirements, may also be required.

Answer 35

The Pilot(s) is responsible for completing accurate Weight and Balance and Load Calculations for the planned flight. * The helicopter or fixed-wing Manager shall ensure that Manifests and Weight and Balance load calculations are completed daily and notated properly, as appropriate, per the contract and the Federal Aviation Regulations operations specifications. * Trained aviation personnel shall ensure that aircraft scheduled are capable of performing the mission(s) safely and within the capability of the type of aircraft selected. Prior to placing cargo on the aircraft, it should be weighed and labeled. Cargo compartments are limited to the weights specified by the compartment placards.1

Answer 36

The USDA-FS and DOI have different wording for this element of the PASP/MASP —however, the wording has been combined for the A-100 course. Risk/Hazard Assessments can be effectively performed utilizing tools listed in the NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations (NSHO) and/or agency/bureau-approved Safety Management Systems (SMS). Risk Assessment Tools and Methods Complete a Risk/Hazard Assessment that identifies hazards associated with the operation and the mitigations and controls put in place to reduce or eliminate them. The tools and process for completing this assessment are found in: IAT Library—Handbooks, Guides, Standards & Booklets (https://www.iat.gov/library.asp)  NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations (NSHO)  Incident Response Pocket Guide—PMS461/NFES 001077  Interagency Standards for Fire and Fire Aviation Operations—NFES 2724 (Red Book)

Answer 37

Safety Management System

Answer 38

Risk Management Principles include: 1. Accept no unnecessary risk 2. Make risk decisions at the right level 3. Accept risks when benefits outweigh the costs 4. Integrate risk management throughout the mission, from start to finish

Answer 39

The most logical choices for accomplishing a mission are those that meet all the mission requirements while exposing personnel and resources to the lowest possible risk. Examples of unnecessary risk include:  Conducting a mission for which you are not qualified  Flying lower than necessary to complete the mission  Visual Flight transitioning into Instrument conditions, with neither the skill, qualifications, or equipment required for safe flight  Flying in marginal weather conditions  Deviation from the Flight Plan with no communication or Flight Following capability  Flying with inadequate, or no PPE, or survival gear for the mission

Answer 40

Anyone can make a risk decision. However, the appropriate decision-maker is the person who can allocate the resources to reduce or eliminate the risk and implement controls. The decision-maker must be authorized to accept levels of risk typical of the planned operation (i.e., loss of operational effectiveness, normal wear-and-tear on materiel). They should elevate decisions to the next level in the chain of management upon determining that those controls available to them will not reduce residual risk to an acceptable level.

Answer 41

All identified benefits should be compared against all identified costs. Even high-risk endeavors may be undertaken when there is clear knowledge that the sum of the benefits exceeds the sum of the costs. Balancing costs and benefits are a subjective process, and ultimately the balance may have to be arbitrarily determined by the appropriate decision-maker. Examples of weighing risks versus benefits for a flight:  Unscheduled off-airport landing to have lunch  Departing in marginal conditions Example of an aircraft accident that occurr

Answer 42

The Risk management process is a continuous loop, not a one- time event. Risks are more easily assessed and manage in the planning stages of an operation. The later changes are made in the process of planning and executing an operation,

Answer 43

IAMIS 1. Identify the Hazards 2. Assess the Risks 3. Develop Controls and Make Decisions 4. Implement the Controls Defined 5. Supervise and Evaluate the Controls in Place

Answer 44

Identify, Assess, Make Decisions, Implement Controls, Supervise the Controls IAMIS 1. Identify the Hazards 2. Assess the Risks 3. Develop Controls and Make Decisions 4. Implement the Controls Defined 5. Supervise and Evaluate the Controls in Place

Answer 45

The USDA-FS and DOI identify the signature element separately, based on policy. Completed PASPs/MASPs require Signatures approval by a Line Manager, Regional Aviation Officer—or an alternative, appropriate level of Signature approval, based on the risk assessment, or other bureau requirements.

Answer 46

Five Steps to a Safe Flight (orange card)

Answer 47

12 Standard Aviation Questions that Shout “Watch Out!” (blue card)

Answer 48

Five Steps to a Safe Flight (orange card): 1. Pilot / Aircraft Data Card -- approved and current 2. Flight Plan / Flight Following Initiated 3. PPE in Use When Required 4. Pilot Briefed on Mission and Flight Hazards 5. Crew and Passenger Briefing

Answer 49

Office of Aviation Safety

Answer 50

It is your obligation to see the Pilot Qualification Card and Aircraft Data Card (and mechanic and fuel truck card, if applicable) prior to the mission and confirm the information meets the mission requirements and is in alignment with the Project/Mission Aviation Safety Plan (PASP/MASP).  Pilot Qualification Card (Approved & Current)—the following items are to be identified by an aircrew member: * Pilot Name and ask for photo I.D. * Authorized Aircraft or UAS the Pilot is qualified to fly * Company Name * Approved/Authorized Missions * Expiration Date  Aircraft Data Card—(Approved & Current)—the following items are to be identified by an aircrew member: * Operator Name * Expiration Date * Registration Number (tail number) * Make, Model, and Series * Authorized Uses Fuel Service Vehicle Data Card—(Approved & Current)—will only be issued where the vendor is required to provide a fueling vehicle. The following items are to be identified by an aircrew member, on a fuel service vehicle data card: * Company Name * License Number * Expiration Date

Answer 51

Confirm someone knows your location and your flight route —and that person is committed to Flight Following your route during the mission/flight planned.  Flight Plan In the United States, pilots should operate within the U. S. federal aviation authority, by filing a Flight Plan with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). All Flight Plans shall be filed prior to takeoff, when possible. The Agency/Bureau-approved Flight Plan may be used to accommodate specialized bureau missions. The bureau- approved Flight Plan can also be provided to the Flight Follower, or Dispatch Center, prior to departure with the aircraft planned route or flight path. As a minimum—route of flight, estimated time of arrival (ETA), how an aircraft will be tracked during flight, and response procedures should the aircraft experience a mishap or fail to check-in—must be specified.

Answer 52

A written Flight Plan, with no Flight Following, dramatically increases the response time for Search and Rescue (SAR) efforts. It may require more than 5 hours for individuals to check and confirm there is a missing aircraft. Deviation from a Flight Plan only complicates the potential of locating a downed aircraft. By the time SAR efforts locate the aircraft and arrive on scene, an average time of 37 hours has passed.

Answer 53

Aircraft flight activities are monitored, in accordance with DOI/bureau and USDA-FS policies, by utilizing the Flight Following tracking method. This may be accomplished from a Dispatch Center, or at a remote location, to monitor a flight and initiate an aircraft mishap emergency response, if needed. The Agency/Bureau requires position reporting to not exceed 1-hour intervals, under normal circumstances. Local minimums may be more restrictive, requiring position reporting every 15 minutes (e.g. Fire missions, etc.) As a minimum, an approved Flight Following program must specify actions to be taken (i.e. notify the FAA) in the event of an overdue or missing aircraft. Position reports resulting from the use of an approved Flight Following program must be documented by the receiving office and provide enough information to enable easy location of an overdue or missing aircraft.

Answer 54

Automated Flight Following (AFF)

Answer 55

Emergency Locator Transmission

Answer 56

An agency-owned aircraft, and most contracted aircraft, are equipped with satellite-based aircraft tracking hardware compatible with the government’s Automated Flight Following (AFF) equipment. As an online, government application, AFF automatically tracks the location and velocity of specially-equipped aircraft and mobile assets and provides this information in near-real-time to Dispatchers, Aviation Managers, and other authorized users. The AFF system complements the Emergency Locator Transmission (ELT) system in that it may provide the only indication of a mishap if the ELT fails to function on impact.

Answer 57

Last Known Position

Answer 58

Average is 31 hours, so this could be several hours up to 4 days

Answer 59

Instrument Flight Rules

Answer 60

Visual Flight Rules

Answer 61

Air Force Rescue Coordination Center Manages all Federal SAR for in-land operations at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois.

Answer 62

There are many organizations and volunteers associated with Search and Rescue (SAR), but the Federal Government assumes overall responsibility. The National SAR plan designates the U.S. Coast Guard as responsible for maritime SAR and the U.S. Air Force for inland SAR. All SAR activities in the contiguous 48 states are coordinated through the full-time Air Force Rescue Coordination Center (AFRCC) at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois. When a call on a missing or overdue aircraft is received by the Center, the National SAR Plan is activated.

Answer 63

It is very important to ensure that your aircraft's electronic locator transmitter (ELT) is in good operating condition. The average time required to find a downed aircraft with a functioning ELT is 6.8 hours. Compare that time to 40.7 hours without an operating ELT and the benefits of properly maintaining emergency equipment become obvious.

Answer 64

It increases dramatically after 24 hours -- therefore ensuring that SAR can locate and rescue in the first 24 hours is critical

Answer 65

Fuel on Board Expressed as Hours : Minutes

Answer 66

Estimated Time Enroute

Answer 67

Estimated Time of Arrival

Answer 68

According to the FAA, for general aviation flights, a flight helmet and seatbelt could save 60 percent of the lives involved in an aircraft accident.

Answer 69

PFDs equipped with an automatic (water-activated) inflation mechanism are prohibited.

Answer 70

ELTs must be properly installed in all DOI/USDA-FS airplanes owned or operated on DOI/USDA-FS contracts. All DOI-owned or operated helicopters must, as a minimum, be equipped with 121.5 MHz ELT, which can be activated by a switch in the cockpit, in compliance with TSO-91a. Aircraft performing “extended overwater” missions are additionally required to have a survival-type ELT (ELT/S) attached to their life raft, meeting the requirements of 14 CFR 135.167 and 135.168. The ELT installation must be in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and applicable TSOs.

Answer 71

The ELT signal (406 MHz) travels via satellite (COSPAS- SARSAT) to a ground receiving station (Local User Terminal (LUT), and it is passed on to the US Mission Control Center (USMCC) and is then sent to the land or sea Rescue Coordination Center (RCC). Search and Rescue efforts are then initiated. The ELT signal can be audibly monitored on the International Air Distress frequency 121.5MHz, commonly referred to as “Guard”.

Answer 72

The International Cospas-Sarsat Programme is a satellite-aided search and rescue (SAR) initiative. It is organized as a treaty-based, nonprofit, intergovernmental, humanitarian cooperative of 45 nations and agencies (see infobox). It is dedicated to detecting and locating emergency locator radio beacons activated by persons, aircraft or vessels in distress, and forwarding this alert information to authorities that can take action for rescue. Member countries support the distribution of distress alerts using a constellation of around 65 satellites orbiting the Earth which carry transponders and signal processors capable of locating an emergency beacon anywhere on Earth transmitting on the Cospas-Sarsat frequency of 406 MHz. Wikipedia

Answer 73

The term Cospas-Sarsat derives from COSPAS (КОСПАС), an acronym from the transliterated Russian "Космическая Система Поиска Аварийных Судов" (Latin script: "Cosmicheskaya Sistema Poiska Avariynyh Sudov"), meaning "Space System for the Search of Vessels in Distress", and SARSAT, an acronym for "Search And Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking".

Answer 74

Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)

Answer 75

Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB)

Answer 76

Personal Locator Beacon (PLB)

Answer 77

Local User Terminal (LUT)

Answer 78

US Mission Control Center

Answer 79

Mission Control Center

Answer 80

Rescue Coordination Center

Answer 81

From Wikipedia based on informatics: 1. Distress radio-beacons to be activated in a life-threatening emergency 2. SAR signal repeaters (SARR) and SAR signal processors (SARP) aboard satellites 3. Satellite downlink receiving and signal processing ground stations called LUTs (local user terminals) 4. Mission control centres (MCCs) that distribute to rescue coordination centres distress alert data (particularly beacon location data) generated by the LUTs 5. Rescue coordination centres (RCCs) that facilitate coordination of the SAR agency and personnel response to a distress situation.

Answer 82

Low Earth Orbit satellites Satellites in medium Earth orbit (MEO) and low Earth orbit (LEO) are often deployed in satellite constellations, because the coverage area provided by a single satellite only covers a small area that moves as the satellite travels at the high angular velocity needed to maintain its orbit. Many MEO or LEO satellites are needed to maintain continuous coverage over an area. This contrasts with geostationary satellites, where a single satellite, at a much higher altitude and moving at the same angular velocity as the rotation of the Earth's surface, provides permanent coverage over a large area. Examples of satellite constellations include the Global Positioning System (GPS), Galileo and GLONASS constellations for navigation and geodesy in MEO, the Iridium and Globalstar satellite telephony services and Orbcomm messaging service in LEO, the Disaster Monitoring Constellation and RapidEye for remote sensing in Sun-synchronous LEO, Russian Molniya and Tundra communications constellations in highly elliptic orbit, and satellite broadband constellations, under construction from Starlink and OneWeb in LEO, and operational from O3b in MEO.

Answer 83

A geosynchronous satellite is a satellite in geosynchronous orbit, with an orbital period the same as the Earth's rotation period. Such a satellite returns to the same position in the sky after each sidereal day, and over the course of a day traces out a path in the sky that is typically some form of analemma. A special case of geosynchronous satellite is the geostationary satellite, which has a geostationary orbit – a circular geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth's equator. Another type of geosynchronous orbit used by satellites is the Tundra elliptical orbit. Geostationary satellites have the unique property of remaining permanently fixed in exactly the same position in the sky as viewed from any fixed location on Earth, meaning that ground-based antennas do not need to track them but can remain fixed in one direction. Such satellites are often used for communication purposes; a geosynchronous network is a communication network based on communication with or through geosynchronous satellites. A geostationary orbit, also referred to as a geosynchronous equatorial orbit[a] (GEO), is a circular geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km (22,236 mi) in altitude above Earth's equator, 42,164 km (26,199 mi) in radius from Earth's center, and following the direction of Earth's rotation. An object in such an orbit has an orbital period equal to Earth's rotational period, one sidereal day, and so to ground observers it appears motionless, in a fixed position in the sky. The concept of a geostationary orbit was popularised by the science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke in the 1940s as a way to revolutionise telecommunications, and the first satellite to be placed in this kind of orbit was launched in 1963. Communications satellites are often placed in a geostationary orbit so that Earth-based satellite antennas do not have to rotate to track them but can be pointed permanently at the position in the sky where the satellites are located. Weather satellites are also placed in this orbit for real-time monitoring and data collection, and navigation satellites to provide a known calibration point and enhance GPS accuracy.

Answer 84

Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking

Answer 85

International Emergency Response Coordination Center Uses IRIDIUM satellite networks and is owned by GARMIN Requires a monthly fee for the SAR capabilities to be active

Answer 86

Knowing how to shut-off the Electrical (Battery) and the Fuel switches in the proper order may prevent a post-crash fire.

Answer 87

A “turn down” is a situation where an individual has determined they cannot undertake an assignment as given and is unable to negotiate an alternative solution. The turn down of an assignment must be based on assessment of risks and the ability of the individual or organization to control or mitigate those risks. Individuals may turn down a mission when: * There is a violation of regulations aviation policy, or safe aviation practices * Aircraft capabilities: performance and/or limitations * Defective, or inappropriate equipment is being used * Pilot and/or Aircrew lack the necessary, training, qualifications, or experience * Airspace congestion, or inadequate management * Environmental conditions make the work unsafe * Communication issue

Answer 88

Crew Resource Management

Answer 89

The term “airworthy” means that the aircraft and its component parts meet the aircraft’s type design, or is in an approved altered configuration, and is in a condition for safe operation.

Answer 90

The visual aircraft pre-flight assessment is an important step in discovering and mitigating potential aircraft flight hazards. During the pre-flight assessment, the Pilot should be provided uninterrupted time to complete the inspection. The purpose of the pre-flight assessment is to ensure that the aircraft meets regulatory airworthiness standards and is in a safe mechanical condition prior to flight. Includes: Paperwork and Pre-Flight Physical Inspection

Answer 91

DOI and USDA-FS have strict rules on Pilot Duty and Flight Hours. As an aircrew member, you are responsible for ensuring that the pilot does not exceed duty limitations hours.

Answer 92

Vendor flight operations are defined as 30 minutes before the official sunrise, through the day, until 30 minutes after the official sunset. Vendor flight operations are defined in DOI/USDA-FS contracts. Fleet flight operations are prohibited during civil twilight unless authorized. “Civil twilight is the period after sunset, or before sunrise, ending or beginning when the sun is about 6 degrees below the horizon and during which on clear days there is enough light for ordinary outdoor occupations.” (as published in the Air Almanac, converted to local time)

Answer 93

"Crew Resource Management (CRM): is the effective use of all available resources: human, hardware, and information…to safelyaccomplish the mission of flight.”

Answer 94

History: Crew Resource Management was developed due to several deadly accidents in the 1970s, including the collision of two 747s that took the lives of 583 people. NASA organized a conference to study the cause of aviation accidents. Following the 1979 conference, United Airlines was the first major air carrier to implement Crew Resource Management (CRM) training. The purpose of CRM is to reduce the number of mishaps through better crew coordination by focusing on: situational awareness, communication skills and assertiveness, teamwork and leadership, task allocation, adaptability, and decision-making based mission analysis—within a framework of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs).

Answer 95

* Everyone is involved in flight planning * SOPs/Policy are followed * Open communication * Thorough briefings * Everyone knows their roles/responsibilities * Tunnel vision is recognized * Focused on mission * Hazardous attitudes are recognized and mitigated * Continuous risk management Effective CRM is also being “ahead of the curve”—thinking about the next move while doing what needs to be accomplished now.

Answer 96

Assume you will only get out of the aircraft with what you are carrying on your body. Ensure your Personal Survival Kit is adequate to survive in the environment you will be flying over. At a minimum, each person should carry, on their person, the following, to maximize their chances of survival: * Fire starter (can be two boxes of matches in waterproof containers, “metal match”, etc.) * Laser rescue light, or key chain LED light * Tactical flashlight with strobe feature * Signal mirror * Whistle * Knife, or tool containing a knife blade * Water purification tablets * Sealing clear plastic bags * Personal Locator Beacon (PLB) * 360/720/760 channel VHF-AM radio transceiver, or satellite telephone * Cell phone

Answer 97

As always, check with your Pilot for procedures, however, most light aircraft call for unlatching the door in the event of an emergency landing, or ditching. Two principle reasons: * Unlatching the door aids in egress from the aircraft— which can be difficult with a jammed door. * Unlatching the door allows better energy absorption of the front part of the fuselage, by permitting the aircraft to crumple better.

Answer 98

* Positive Mental Attitude—odds of survival increase when survivors choose not to lose hope. Survivors need to engage their brains in the survival process. Fear is a normal reaction to the unknown. Fear has a direct bearing on the way we behave—and if not overcome—it can manifest itself as our greatest obstacle to survival. * Positive communication among the survivors—helps maintain a positive attitude. * You may have to become the leader—by lending moral support to injured, or discouraged, fellow survivors. * Attending to essential needs—such as building shelter and a fire, helps keep your mind on positive goals.

Answer 99

After Action Review Subjects discussed or mentioned during an AAR may include the following: * Technical performance * Techniques used * Planning * Communication of directions, events, changes * Perception of events * Communication * Environmental problems * Stress impacts * Fatigue impacts * Questions and answers * Adapting * Equipment performance * Lessons learned * Procedures adherence * Environmental attributes or changes * Coordination * Attitude impacts * Safety concerns * Roles and Responsibilities * Environmental indicators * Organizational issues or cultural problems

Answer 100

Aviation Mishap Information System Requirements for aviation mishap reporting for the Department of the Interior agencies and for the USDA's Forest Service. The system uses the SAFECOM Form to report any condition, observation, act, maintenance problem, or circumstance with personnel, or the aircraft, that has the potential to cause an aviation-related mishap.

Answer 101

Aviation Safety Communiqué This is an online database at www.safecom.gov

DOI OAM A100 Basic Aviation Safety Flashcards

(126 cards)