DOKO 3 - terms

Question 1

Social Deviance

Answer 1

behavior that does not conform to basic cultural norms, any transgression of socially established norms

Question 2

Labeling Theory

Answer 2

Implication of the labeling definition:

1. deviance is not a norm violation unless powerful entity successfully designates the act as deviant and applies the label “deviant” successfully
2. society creates deviance
3. deviance is behavior that has real consequences

“deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sactions to an “offender”. the deviant is one whom that label has successfully been applied. deviant behavior is behavior that ppl so label” - Becker

Question 3

Primary Deviance

Answer 3

the first act of rule breaking that may incur a label of “deviant” and thus influence how ppl think about and act toward you

Question 4

Secondary Deviance

Answer 4

subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label and people’s expectations of you

Question 5

Stigma

Answer 5

a negative social label that not only changes others’ behavior toward a person but also alters that person’s own self-concept and social identity

Question 6

Labeling Theory

Answer 6

Conley: the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self-identity

Question 7

social control

Answer 7

mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals

Question 8

Formal Social Sanctions

Answer 8

mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals

Question 9

Informal Social Sanctions

Answer 9

the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership; the unspoken rules of social life

Question 10

social integration

Answer 10

how well one is integrated into social group or community

Question 11

Social Regulation

Answer 11

number of rules guiding your daily life and, more specifically, what you can reasonably expect from the world on a day-to-day basis

Question 12

Egoistic Suicide

Answer 12

suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group

Question 13

altruistic suicide

Answer 13

suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration

Question 14

Anomie

Answer 14

sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; to little social regulation; normlessness

Question 15

Anomic Suicide

Answer 15

suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient social regulation

Question 16

Fatalistic Suicide

Answer 16

suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation

Question 17

Strain Theory

Answer 17

robert merton’s theory that deviance occurs when society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals

Question 18

Conformist

Answer 18

individual who accepts both the goals and strategies that are considered socially acceptable to achieve those goals

Question 19

Innovator

Answer 19

social deviant who accepts socially acceptable goals but rejects socially acceptable means to achieve them

Question 20

Retreatist

Answer 20

one who rejects both the socially acceptable means and goals by completely retreating from or not participating in society

Question 21

Ritualist

Answer 21

individual who rejects socially defined goals but not the means

Question 22

Rebel

Answer 22

rejects both traditional goals and means and wants to alter or destroy the social institutions from which he or she is alienated

Question 23

Broken Windows Theory of Deviance

Answer 23

theory explaining how social context and social cues impact whether individuals act deviantly; specifically, whether local, informal social norms allow deviant acts

Question 24

Street Crime

Answer 24

crime committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty

Question 25

White Collar Crime

Answer 25

offense committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other institution

Question 26

Corporate Crime

Answer 26

a particular type of white collar crime committed by the officers (CEOS etc) of a corporation

Question 27

Labeling theory (lecture)

Answer 27

Implication of the labeling definition: 1. deviance is not a norm violation unless powerful entity successfully designates the act as deviant and applies the label "deviant" successfully 2. society creates deviance 3. deviance is behavior that has real consequences

Question 28

Statistical deviance

Answer 28

Deviance defined by the position an object of analysis occupies in a distribution.

Question 29

Internal social control

Answer 29

Social control exercised by the self.

Question 30

Informal social control

Answer 30

When self-control fails and we commit a deviant act, people with informal statuses may exercise social control on us.

Question 31

Formal social control

Answer 31

For certain deviant behaviors, formalized institutional responses provide the sanctions.

Question 32

Blue laws

Answer 32

Outdated laws based on religion, no longer enforced

Question 33

Anachronistic laws

Answer 33

Laws that no longer make sense with societal standards.

Question 34

Decent folk

Answer 34

People who adhere to middle-class norms, but also practice the Code of the Street

Question 35

Street folk

Answer 35

People who do not adhere to middle-class norms, but do adhere to the Code of the Street

Question 36

Racial spatial divide

Answer 36

A social arrangement in which substantial ethno-racial inequality in social and economic circumstances and power in society is combined with segregated and unequal residential locations across major racial and ethnic groups

Question 37

Equality of Opportunity

Answer 37

the idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, social prestige, and power because the rules of the game, so to speak, are the same for everyone.

Question 38

Bourgeoisie Society

Answer 38

a society of commerce (modern capitalist society for ex) in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive

Question 39

Equality of Condition

Answer 39

the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point

Question 40

Equality of Outcomes

Answer 40

the idea that each player must end up with the same amt regardless of the fairness of the "game"

Question 41

Free Rider Problem

Answer 41

the notion that when more than one person is responsible for getting something done, the incentive is for each individual to shirk responsibility and hope other will pull the extra weight

Question 42

Estate System ``` Upper Class Middle Class Social Mobility Structural Mobility Exchange Mobility Status Attainment Model ```

Answer 42

a politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility

Question 43

Caste System

Answer 43

a religion-based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility

Question 44

Class system

Answer 44

an economically based hierarchical system characterized by cohesive, oppositional groups and somewhat loose social mobility

Question 45

Proletariat | Bourgeoisie

Answer 45

working class (proletartiat) and capitalist class (bourg)

Question 46

Contradictory Class Locations

Answer 46

people can occupy locations in the class structure that fall between two "pure" classes

Question 47

Status Hierarchy System

Answer 47

a system of stratification based on social prestige

Question 48

Elite-Mass Dichotomy System

Answer 48

system of stratification that has a governing elite, a few leaders who broadly hold power in society

Question 49

Meritocracy

Answer 49

society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability and acheivemen

Question 50

Income

Answer 50

money recieved by a person for work, from transfers (gifts, inheritances, or gov assistance) or from returns on investments (cash flow)

Question 51

Wealth

Answer 51

a family's or individual's net worth (total assets minus debts)

Question 52

Socioeconomic Status

Answer 52

an individual's position in a stratified social order

Question 53

Social Stratification | & Three characteristics of stratification systems

Answer 53

The inequalities between groups in society Social stratification systems share three characteristics 1. Rankings apply to categories of people that share a characteristic 2. Life chances are contingent on ranking 3. Ranks of different social categories change slowly over time

Question 54

Slavery

Answer 54

characterized by the framing of some humans as property

Question 55

Race

Answer 55

a category of people widely perceived as sharing socially significant physical characteristics such as skin color. Race is a social construct.

Question 56

Racism

Answer 56

the belief that one racial group is superior to another.

Question 57

Polygeny

Answer 57

the belief that each race has a distinct origin.

Question 58

Pseudoscience

Answer 58

claims presented so that they appear scientific even though they lack supporting evidence and plausibility (Shermer 1997

Question 59

Wilson Thesis

Answer 59

Modern racism is not the driving force behind racial inequality. Instead, the historical legacy of racism and resulting differences in Social Class is what really matters.

Question 60

Hidden prejudice

Answer 60

Two-Faced Racism” focuses on disparities in front-stage and back-stage behavior. Joe Faegan

Question 61

Front-stage behavior

Answer 61

actions that are visible to the audience-at-large. The actor knows they are being watched and acts accordingly.

Question 62

Back-stage behavior

Answer 62

performers are present, but the audience cannot see behind the curtain. Actors behave as if they were not being observed.

Question 63

Color-blind racism

Answer 63

the promotion of race-neutrality when it actually helps to maintain existing racial and ethnic inequality.

Question 64

Implicit bias

Answer 64

Tests the automatic association between mental representations of concepts in memory Ego does not always report the truth.

Question 65

Ethnocentrism

Answer 65

belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own

Question 66

Ontological Equality

Answer 66

philisophical and religious notion that all people are created equal

Question 67

Social Darwinism

Answer 67

the application of Darwinian ideas to society -- namely the evolutionary "survival of the fittest"

Question 68

Eugenics

Answer 68

literally meaning "well born" a pseudoscience that postulates that controlling the fertility of populations could influence inheritable traits passed on from gen to gen

Question 69

Nativism

Answer 69

the movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or culture from the allegedly dangerous and polluting effects of new immigrants

Question 70

One-Drop Rule

Answer 70

belief that "one drop" of black blood makes a person black, and concept that evolved from US laws forbidding miscegenation (interracial marriage)

Question 71

Miscegenation

Answer 71

interracial marriage

Question 72

Racialization

Answer 72

formation of a new racial identity by drawing ideological boundaries of difference around a formerly unnoticed group of people

Question 73

Ethnicity

Answer 73

one's ethnic quality of affiliation. it is voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchical, fluid and multiple and based on cultural differences, not physical ones per se.

Question 74

Symbolic Ethnicity

Answer 74

a nationality, not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of citizenship but of identifying with a past or future nationality. for later generations of white ethnics, something not constraining but easily expressed with no risks of stigma and all the pleasures of feeling like an individual.