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DOL Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the Client Army?

A

Soldiers loyal to generals rather than to Rome itself

Generals gained power by promising rewards to their soldiers.

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2
Q

Define Pax Romana.

A

A period of relative peace in Rome

It allowed for trade and economic growth, despite ongoing battles for land.

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3
Q

Who was Tiberius Gracchus?

A

A Roman tribune known for democratic reforms and land redistribution

He was assassinated due to fears he sought kingship.

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4
Q

What reforms did Tiberius Gracchus propose?

A

Reduce military service, allow appeals to jury verdicts, and redistribute land

He aimed to support farmers affected by elite land acquisition.

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5
Q

Who was Gaius Gracchus?

A

Tiberius’ younger brother who continued his reforms

He also committed suicide to avoid assassination.

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6
Q

Nasica

A
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7
Q

What is a Martyr in the context of early Christianity?

A

Someone executed for their faith

Early Christians refused to worship the emperor, leading to their execution.

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8
Q

What are the Gospels?

A

Accounts of Jesus’ life and teachings by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John

They are central texts in Christianity.

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9
Q

What title was given to Octavian?

A

Augustus

This title marked his complete control over Rome.

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10
Q

Apocalypse

A
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11
Q

What was the significance of the vision Constantine had?

A

It led to his conversion to Christianity and the legalization of the religion

He also created the Nicene Creed.

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12
Q

What did the term ‘Veto’ signify in Roman politics?

A

The power to reject a decision or proposal

Tiberius Gracchus used it to halt Senate actions.

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13
Q

What is the Patron-Client System?

A

A social structure where clients depended on patrons for support

This system reinforced personal connections and political influence.

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14
Q

What does Res Publica mean?

A

Public thing

It describes the Roman Republic’s governance model.

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15
Q

What is Mos Maiorum?

A

Ways of the ancestors

It emphasized the importance of family and community involvement.

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16
Q

Define Pax Deorum.

A

The peace of the gods

Romans believed they must appease the gods to avoid misfortune.

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17
Q

What were Vestal Virgins?

A

Religious women tasked with maintaining the sacred fire

They held significant honors and rights in Roman society.

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18
Q

What does the term Arete refer to?

A

Virtue or excellence in Greek

It was a key concept in defining moral character.

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19
Q

What is the significance of the Triumvirate?

A

A political alliance of three leaders

Early Triumvirates included Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus.

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20
Q

Who were the Plebeians?

A

Commoners in Roman society

They had limited power compared to Patricians.

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21
Q

What was the role of the Senate in Rome?

A

Advisory body with legislative powers

Shared power with popular assemblies and magistrates.

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22
Q

What were the Punic Wars?

A

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage

They resulted in Roman dominance in the Mediterranean.

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23
Q

What is the Lex Agraria?

A

Roman laws concerning public land allotment

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus attempted reforms related to this law.

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24
Q

What characterized the Aztecs’ practice of sacrifice?

A

Cutting out hearts of captives

They believed this was necessary to sustain their gods.

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25
What was Teotihuacan known for?
Being the largest city in the Americas during its peak ## Footnote It was organized and culturally significant with pyramids.
26
Who was Moctezuma?
An Aztec ruler known for his laws ## Footnote He was eventually kidnapped by Spanish conquistadors.
27
What is the Florentine Codex?
A manuscript documenting Aztec culture and lifestyle ## Footnote Compiled by a European priest to understand the Aztecs.
28
What was the Inca Empire known for?
A large population and bureaucratic governance ## Footnote They expanded successfully without violence.
29
What happens if power is taken from a ruler due to a terrible crime?
Their sons or brothers take power ## Footnote Example of bureaucracy
30
How did the rulers approach expansion into other lands?
Did not go violently; soldiers were instructed not to cause harm
31
What was done with prisoners taken during expansion?
Released and given back their money and land after the war
32
What was the religious policy towards conquered people?
Allowed to follow their own religion but had to respect the sun god
33
How successful were the rulers in expanding their territory?
Always successful in expanding
34
What was the organizational structure of tribute collection?
Extremely organized; all villages knew where to take their tribute
35
What was the role of Cuzco in tribute collection?
Tribute was taken, protected, and organized in Cuzco
36
What were the consequences of crime under the rulers?
Crime was taken seriously; lots of punishments, including violent killings
37
Who is Huitzilopochtli?
The Sun God the Aztecs believed in
38
Why did the Aztecs feel the need to sacrifice blood to Huitzilopochtli?
To prevent him from running out of energy and the sun from stopping
39
What change did the Aztecs make during battle?
Captured instead of killed for later sacrifice
40
Was it considered an honor to be sacrificed by the Aztecs?
No, it was not considered an honor
41
What characterized the sacrifices made by the Aztecs?
Public ritual
42
What did the Byzantine Empire call themselves?
Roman
43
What was the Byzantine Empire a continuation of?
The Roman Empire when it fell
44
What was the religious affiliation of the Byzantine Empire?
Christianity
45
What characterized the decline of the Byzantine Empire?
Slowly declined until the Ottomans took over
46
Who was Justinian?
Emperor who brought lawyers together to make laws
47
What is the Corpus Juris Civilis?
Name of Justinian’s code of laws
48
What did Justinian organize regarding laws?
Reorganized unclear laws and created a law textbook
49
What is the Hagia Sophia?
A significant architectural achievement built under Justinian
50
What was the purpose of the Hagia Sophia's construction?
To show the power of the Empire
51
What architectural feature supports the dome of the Hagia Sophia?
Pendentives
52
What does the term 'Islam' refer to?
Religion that believes in only one god (monotheism)
53
Who is a Muslim?
A person who practices the religion of Islam
54
Where was Muhammad born?
Mecca
55
What significant role did Kadija play in Muhammad's life?
She had a big role in his life as his wife
56
What did Muhammad share with the people of Mecca?
God’s words
57
What is the Qur'an?
Foundational text of Islam, known as the words of God
58
List the 5 Pillars of Islam
* Proclaiming the Shahada * Praying 5 times a day * Fasting during Ramadan * Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) * Paying alms (charity)
59
What is the fundamental difference between Sunni and Shia Muslims regarding leadership?
Sunni elect leaders from umma; Shia choose leaders through Muhammad's lineage
60
What is a caliph?
Ruler of the Islamic State (caliphate)
61
Who was the 4th caliph of Islam?
Ali
62
What characterized the Abbasid dynasty?
Arts and sciences flourished in Baghdad
63
What does the Dome of the Rock signify?
Marks the place where Muhammad ascended to heaven
64
Who was Mansa Musa?
Ruler of the Mali Empire known for his hajj to Mecca
65
What was the impact of Mansa Musa's hajj?
Showed the world how far Islam had spread and displayed Africa's trade connections
66
Who was Ibn Battuta?
Traveler who documented his pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina
67
What initiated the Crusades?
Pope Urban wanted to stop fighting in France and redirect it against an 'enemy'
68
What was the goal of the Crusades?
To take back the Holy Land of Jerusalem
69
What was the significance of the Seljuk Turks in the context of the Crusades?
Captured Baghdad and threatened Christian sites
70
What was the result of the Crusades on Islamic power?
Islamic power eventually grew through control of the Middle East
71
Who were the Seljuk Turks?
Turkish nomads who invaded and disrupted existing political systems
72
What characterized the Crusader Kingdoms?
Established during the Crusades but lacked unity and power
73
Who was Saladin?
Leader who retook land from Crusader states
74
What does 'dynasty' refer to?
Succession of people from the same family
75
How did the Mongols impact the Abbasid Empire?
Defeated it quickly due to their size
76
What was the Black Death?
A pandemic that significantly affected populations across Europe
77
What characterized the Ottoman Empire?
Sunni Muslim ruled by a sultan who supported mosques and Islamic schools
78
Who was Osman?
Founder of the Ottoman Empire
79
What is manorialism?
System between landowners and peasant farmers that created a lack of unity
80
What role did the Medici family play during the Renaissance?
Wealthy patrons of art and influential in politics
81
What is a bureaucracy?
Hierarchy where unelected officials make government decisions
82
What was the Holy Roman Empire?
Empire located north of Italy that followed Christianity strictly
83
Who was Charlemagne?
Ruler of Franks and first Holy Roman Emperor
84
What is Christendom?
The Christian world during the time of Constantine
85
What was the Inquisition?
Church leaders who sought out non-faithful Christians
86
What is monasticism?
Monks living separately to fulfill religious duties
87
What does 'Renaissance' mean?
Rebirth of ancient Greek and Roman ideas and art
88
What is humanism?
Celebration of human experience and ancient knowledge during the Renaissance
89
What was the Protestant Reformation?
Movement to return to biblical sources, leading to a split in Christendom
90
Who was Martin Luther?
Initiator of the Protestant Reformation who criticized church practices
91
What are indulgences?
Certificates that shortened a person’s time in Purgatory, sold by the church ## Footnote Sold to raise money for Saint Peter’s basilica at one point. Martin Luther opposed their sale.
92
Who was a monk and professor of theology in Germany known for his reform efforts?
Martin Luther ## Footnote He believed no mortals were worthy of salvation and that everyone could read the Bible.
93
What was Martin Luther's belief about salvation?
Belief that faith alone saves ## Footnote He emphasized the importance of scriptures alone holding the key to truth.
94
What significant action did Martin Luther take that made him famous?
Posted 95 reforms ## Footnote He initially approached the church politely but became more accusatory after being excommunicated.
95
What is Machiavelli's famous work about authoritarian power?
The Prince ## Footnote It discusses the nature of political leadership and the use of moral means.
96
What belief did Machiavelli hold regarding political leaders?
Leaders should not automatically be vicious but may need to be if necessary ## Footnote He argued that the ends justify the means.
97
Who is compared to Machiavelli in terms of political philosophy?
St. Augustine ## Footnote Augustine believed rulers should be forceful and virtuous, contrasting Machiavelli's views.
98
What did the Jesuits aim to achieve?
Revival of the Catholic Church ## Footnote Founded by Loyola Ignatius, they went on missions to spread Catholicism worldwide.
99
What is simony?
Practice of buying and selling authority ## Footnote Families could make large donations to the church to secure positions like bishops.
100
Who modified Luther's laws and created Calvinism?
Jean Calvin ## Footnote He added a focus on moral regeneration and believed in predestination.
101
Who was Charles V?
Holy Roman Emperor who demanded Luther retract his criticisms ## Footnote He attempted to kill Luther when he refused but was unsuccessful.
102
What was the Counter Reformation?
Catholic Church reaffirming many aspects of their rules and beliefs ## Footnote This was a response to the challenges posed by Jean Calvin and Martin Luther.
103
What was the Investiture Controversy about?
Debate over whether the pope or the king had the power to appoint bishops ## Footnote It involved Henry IV and led to significant conflict between church and state.
104
Fill in the blank: Martin Luther believed that _______ holds the key to truth.
scriptures alone
105
True or False: Machiavelli believed that leaders should always be moral.
False ## Footnote He argued that leaders might need to use immoral means if necessary.
106
Fill in the blank: The Jesuits were founded by _______.
Loyola Ignatius
107
What was the main argument of Jared Diamond regarding wealth and power in countries?
Certain countries become rich and powerful, while others remain impoverished and underdeveloped ## Footnote This argument can be illustrated with examples from various historical empires.

World Civilizations 1 (6 decks)

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