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DoL Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Client Army?

A

Soldiers were more loyal to their generals than to Rome itself; generals gained power by promising their soldiers rewards.

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2
Q

What does Pax Romana mean?

A

A time of peace in Rome, meaning ‘Roman Peace,’ characterized by an absence of civil wars, thriving trade, and economy.

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3
Q

Who was Tiberius Gracchus?

A

: A Roman tribune (a people’s representative) who introduced reforms, such as reducing military service and providing land for farmers. His bold and unpopular changes led to his murder.

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4
Q

Who was Gaius Gracchus?

A

Younger brother of Tiberius, also a tribune, who sought to redistribute public lands, build roads, sell grain, add Senate seats, and grant Roman allies citizenship; he committed suicide to avoid being murdered.

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5
Q

Who was Nasica?

A

Leader of the Senate during Tiberius’s tribuneship who opposed Tiberius and his reforms.

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6
Q

What is a Martyr?

A

Christians who were murdered for refusing to worship the emperor as a god and for prioritizing Christianity over the Imperial Cult.

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7
Q

What are the Gospels?

A

Accounts of Jesus’ life and teachings recorded by Matthew, John, Mark, and Luke.

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8
Q

Who was Augustus?

A

Title given to Octavian, who held complete power in Rome as emperor, reuniting Rome and beginning the Pax Romana.

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9
Q

What is the Apocalypse?

A

The belief that God would soon come to Rome to fix it because evil ruled the world.

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10
Q

Who was Jesus of Nazareth?

A

A figure who lived in Rome, followed Judaism, and was executed for not following the Imperial Cult.

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11
Q

Who was Paul of Tarsus?

A

A converted Christian who spread Christianity in Rome, starting in Jerusalem.

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12
Q

Who was Julius Caesar?

A

A Roman general who won the First Civil War, became dictator for life, conquered Gaul, and was assassinated for fears of becoming king.

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13
Q

Who was Pompey?

A

A Roman general who conquered the Middle East, fought and lost to Julius Caesar in the First Civil War, and aligned with the Senate.

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14
Q

Who was Constantine?

A

A Roman emperor who legalized Christianity after a vision and created the Nicene Creed.

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15
Q

What is a Basilica?

A

A form of architecture used as a public meeting place, later adopted by Christians as places of worship.

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16
Q

Who were the Goths?

A

A group of people living outside Rome who initially came into Rome to provide soldiers but later revolted due to poor treatment, demonstrating Rome’s weakness.

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17
Q

Who were the Huns?

A

A group known for their invasion attempts, bribed by the Romans to leave, contributing to the financial strain on the Roman Empire, led by King Attila.

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18
Q

What is a Triumvirate?

A

A political institution ruled by three people; examples include the Triumvirate of 60 BCE (Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus) and the third triumvirate (Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus).

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19
Q

What is an Assembly?

A

Citizens who had the right to vote and pass laws.

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20
Q

What is the Senate?

A

A group of people who advised and shared legislative power with the popular assemblies.

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21
Q

What is a Tribune?

A

An official chosen by plebeians to protect their interests, serving as a popular leader.

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22
Q

What is the Patron-Client System?

A

A system where a client (poorer person) was obligated to visit their patron’s (wealthier person) house and walk with them to political events to show power.

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23
Q

What is a Veto?

A

The power of tribunes to stop an action at public meetings; used by Tiberius.

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24
Q

What does Res Publica mean?

A

Means ‘public thing’ and described the republic of Rome and how the Roman Republic governed itself.

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25
What is Mos Maiorum?
Means 'ways of the ancestors,' emphasizing the importance of family and country by following ancestral expectations.
26
What is Pax Deorum?
'The peace of the gods,' the Roman belief that they had to be extremely respectful to the gods.
27
What is Patria Potestas?
The power of the father.
28
Who is the Paterfamilias?
The oldest head of a household.
29
Who are the Plebeians?
Commoners.
30
Who are the Patricians?
Aristocrats.
31
What were the Punic Wars?
A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage for control of Sicily.
32
Who are the Populares?
'Those for the people,' politicians in the late Roman Republic who favored promoting the interests of common people.
33
Who are the Optimates?
'Those for the best people,' politicians in the late Roman Republic who favored promoting the interests of elites.
34
What is the Praetorian Guard?
Bodyguards for the Roman emperor, holding significant power as the emperor's personal army.
35
What is Judea?
The area where Christianity originated, known for revolts against the Roman Empire.
36
What is the Byzantine Empire?
A continuation of the Roman Empire after its fall, characterized by Christianity and a gradual decline until taken over by the Ottomans.
37
Who was Justinian?
Byzantine emperor who created a code of laws (Justinian's code of laws), reorganized laws, and helped construct the Hagia Sophia.
38
Who was Theodora?
Justinian's wife, who was often villainized as a woman who gained power through unjust means.
39
What is the Hagia Sophia?
A structure built to showcase the Byzantine Empire's power, featuring a large dome.
40
Who were the Umayyad?
A branch of one of Mecca's clans that claimed legacy to Ali's; they only allowed Arabic-speaking people to hold authority in the Muslim world.
41
What is Islam?
A monotheistic religion that originated in the Arabian Desert.
42
Who is a Muslim?
A person who practices the religion of Islam.
43
Who was Muhammad?
Born in Mecca; considered the prophet who shared God's words.
44
What is Mecca?
The center of Islam and its origin point.
45
What is Medina?
The place where Muhammad fled from Mecca and gathered followers.
46
What is the Qur’an?
Islam's foundational text known as the words of God.
47
What are the 5 Pillars?
The core practices and beliefs of Islam that united Muslim people.
48
What is the difference between Sunni and Shia?
Two different branches of Islam that disagree on how leaders are chosen.
49
What is a Caliph?
Ruled the Islamic State (caliphate) and was chosen either by election from the community (Sunni) or from the lineage of Muhammad (Shiite).
50
Who was Ali?
The fourth caliph of Islam and cousin of the Prophet Muhammad; his assassination led to the Sunni vs. Shiite split.
51
Who were the Abbasid?
A family who ruled the Muslim world, during which the arts and sciences flourished in Baghdad.
52
What is the Dome of the Rock?
Marks the place where the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven.
53
Who was Ibn Battuta?
A traveler who began traveling for pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina.
54
What were the Crusades?
Conflicts caused by Pope Urban's desire to stop fighting in France and the aim to take back the Holy Land of Jerusalem.
55
Who were the Seljuk Turks?
Turkish nomads who entered Central Asia seeking better land and eventually took over Baghdad.
56
What is a Dynasty?
A succession of people from the same family who play a prominent role in business, politics, or another field, like a bloodline.
57
Who were the Mongols?
A group that conquered the Abbasid Empire, contributing to the spread of the Black Death.
58
What is the Black Death?
A plague that began with a rat and spread through seaports across Europe.
59
Who were the Ottomans?
Sunni Muslims who used their faith to unite their expanding empire and took boys (janissaries) from families to train to work for the sultan.
60
Who were the Safavids?
Shiite Muslims, with Shiism as their state religion, who converted Iran from Sunni to Shiite Muslim and revived Persian traditions.
61
Who were the Mughals?
Religiously tolerant, with many people following sectarian ways (free thinkers) and embracing Indian culture/religion.
62
Who was Osman?
The founder of the Ottoman Empire, known for significant expansion.
63
Who was Mehmed II?
Known for taking control of Constantinople and renaming the city Istanbul.
64
Who was Suleiman?
Helped the Ottomans expand into the Arab world and was known for giving justice.
65
Who were the Medici?
A wealthy family during the Renaissance who patronized (supported) art based on ancient models.
66
What is Bureaucracy?
A hierarchy, a system of government where unelected state officials make decisions.
67
What was the Holy Roman Empire under Charlemagne?
The Holy Roman Empire was located north of Italy and strictly followed Christianity, under Charlemagne who was the first to be named 'Holy Roman Emperor' by the pope.
68
What is Christendom?
The Christian world when Constantine was in power.
69
What is the Inquisition?
Leaders of the church who sought out people lying about being Christian.
70
What is a Monarchy?
A system where a single individual holds supreme power and authority.
71
What is the Renaissance?
Meaning 'rebirth,' it was a time when ancient Greek and Roman ideas and art were revived or became popular again.
72
What is Humanism?
The idea of delving back into ancient Greece and Rome, celebrated during the Renaissance; seeking information beyond the church.
73
What was the Protestant Reformation?
A movement aiming to return to ancient sources, including biblical scriptures, which ultimately split Christendom permanently.
74
Who was Martin Luther?
A monk and professor of theology in Germany who challenged the church.
75
What is Machiavelli's The Prince?
Machiavelli wrote this famous treatise about authoritarian power.
76
Who were the Jesuits?
Priests highly dedicated to the revival of the Catholic Church.
77
What are Indulgences?
Certificates sold by the church that shortened a person's time in Purgatory.
78
What is Simony?
The practice of buying and selling authority within the church.
79
Who was Hapsburg, Charles V?
Charles V was a Holy Roman Emperor who teamed up with the Hapsburgs and demanded Luther retract his criticisms.
80
What was the Counter-Reformation?
The Catholic Church reaffirmed many aspects of its rules and beliefs in response to Jean Calvin and Martin Luther.
81
What is Monasticism?
A monk's way of living separately, 'taking care' of the religious duties of communities.

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