Domain 1: Basic and Applied Sciences and Nutritional Concepts Flashcards by Danielle Hoover

Obesity

Body mass index of 30 or greater or at least 30 lbs. over the recommended weight for their height

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Overweight

Body mass index of 25-29.9 or between 25-30 lbs . over the recommended weight for their height

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Blood Lipids

AKA cholesterol or triglycerides. Carried in the bloodstream by protein moles known as HDL and LDL (density lipoproteins)

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Diabetes Mellitus

Insulin deficiency that impairs carb usage and enhances usage of fat and protein

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Deconditioned

Loss of physical fitness - muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and lack of core / joint stability

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Proprioception

Cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement

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Proprioceptively Enriched Environments

Unstable but controllable physical situation in which exercises are performed that cause the body to use its internal balance and stabilization mechanisms

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Muscular Endurance

Muscles ability to contract for an extended period

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Neuromuscular Efficiency

Ability of the neuromusclar system to enable all muscles to efficiently work together in all planes of motion

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Prime Mover

Muscle that acts as the initial and main source of motive power

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Rate of Force Production

Ability of muscles to exert maximal force output in a minimal amount of time

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Ligaments

Primary connective tissue that connections bone to bone and provides stability.

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Epimysium

Later if connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle.

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Tendons

Connective tissue that attaches muscles to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force.

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Sarcomere

Functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of spearing sections of actin and myosin

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Agonist

Prime mover

Squat- gluteus maximus, quadriceps

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Synergist

Assist prime mover

Squat- hamstring complex

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Nervous System

Communication network

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Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord; controls and interprets info

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Peripheral Nervous System

Only nerves and connects the brain and spinal cord

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What are the 3 Main Functions of the Nervous System?

Sensory, Integrative, and Motor

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Sensory Function of Nervous System

senses changes in internal or external environment ; stretching (internal) and walking from street to curb (external)

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Integrative Function of Nervous System

analyze and interpret sensory info to allow for proper decision making for appropriate response

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Motor Function of Nervous System

neuromusclar (nervous and muscular systems) response to sensory information; ex (causing a muscle to contract when stretching too far or changing walking pattern when walking from pavement to sand)

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Mechanoreceptors

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues

Muscle Spindles

Sense muscular length - activation will cause muscles to tense

Golgi Tendon Organs

Sense muscular tension - activation will cause muscles to relax

Stabilizer

Stabilize prime mover while prime mover and synergies move together Squat- transverse abdominis

Antagonist

Oppose prime mover Squat- psoas

Insulin

Stored in the pancreas. Released to bind to glucose to make cell membranes permeable to glucose.

Glucagon

Raises blood glucose (opposite of insulin). It triggers the release of glycogen stores from the liver.

What makes up the cardiovascular system?

heart, blood, blood vessels

What is the typical resting heart rate? (for an untrained adult)

70-80 BPM

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

Special area of cardiac tissue that initiates electrical impulses that determine heart rate (pacemaker of the heart)

Stroke Volume (SV)

Amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction

3 functions of Blood

Transport, Regulate, and Protect

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart

Capillaires

Site of exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and tissues

Veins

Carry blood back to the heart

Cardiac Output

BPM (beats per minute) and SV (stroke volume)

Muscle involved with inspiration (inhalation)

Diaphragm

Muscles involved with expiration (exhalation)

Abdominal

Bioenergetics

The study of how energy is transformed through various biochemical reactions

Metabolism

All chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself

Substrates

What proteins, carbohydrates and lipids (fats) have to break down to in order to be used for energy

Substrate form of Fat

Triglycerides (stored in fat cells)

Substrate form of Carbohydrates

Glucose and stored as glycogen (stored in liver and muscle cells)

Gluconeogenesis

During negative energy balance (low calorie) amino acids are used to assist in energy production. Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids.

Kinetic (?) Chain (?)

Motion - Linked (The 3 systems responsible for human movement)

ATP-PC (adenosine tripohsphate-phosphocreatine)

Energy system responsible for providing nearly instant ATP at the onset of any activity

Superior

above point of reference

Inferior

below point of reference

Proximal

nearest to a point of reference

Distal

farthest from a point of reference

front of body

Posterior

back of body

Medial

closer to midline

Lateral

farther from midline

Contralateral

opposite side of body

Ipsilateral

same side of body

Frontal Plane

side to side - side lunge/shuffle

Sagittal Plane

front to back - bicep curl/squat

Transverse Plane

midline - throwing/swinging

Concentric

muscle shortens

Eccentric

muscle lengthens

Isometric

no change in muscle length

Altered Reciprocal Inhibition

muscle inhibition caused by a tight agonist which inhibits its functional antagonist

Synergistic Dominance

synergist takes over function for a weak or inhibited prime mover (agonist)

Muscle Imbalance

alteration of muscle length surrounding a joint

OPT Model: Stabilization

ability to maintain postural equilibrium and support joints during movement

OPT Model: Strength

ability of the neuromusclar system to produce internal tension to overcome an external force

OPT Model: Strength 1. strength endurance

muscles' ability to contract for an extended period

OPT Model: Strength 2. hypertrophy

enlargement of skeletal muscle fibers from resistance training

OPT Model: Strength 3. maximal strength

largest force a muscle can produce in a single voluntary effort

OPT Model: Power

ability to produce the greatest force in the shortest time

Origin

medial connection point (closest to the center of the body)

Insertion

distal connection point (furthest from the center of the body)

Force Couple

muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint

Domain 1: Basic and Applied Sciences and Nutritional Concepts Flashcards

Don't stress about memorizing muscle actions! Maximum of 2 questions as well as insertion and origin. Tip: Spend time memorizing what the gastrocnemius does.