(Done) Energy (Paper 1) Flashcards
(38 cards)
1
Q
Energy stores (8)
A
- Thermal
- Kinetic
- Gravitational Potential
- Elastic Potential
- Chemical
- Magnetic
- Electrostatic
- Nuclear
2
Q
Energy Pathways (4)
A
- Mechanical
- Heating
- Electrical
- Radiation
3
Q
What is a system
A
- A single object or a group of objects that you are interested in
4
Q
What happens when a system changes
A
- Energy is transferred into or away from the system, between different objects in the system or different types of energy stores
5
Q
What are closed systems
A
- Systems where no matter or energy can enter or exit, the net change in the total energy is all ways zero
6
Q
When is “Work Done”
A
- When current flows
- By a force moving an object
7
Q
Kinetic energy calculation
A
- E(k) = 1/2 x mass x velocity^2
8
Q
When is energy in the kinetic energy store
A
- Whenever an object is moving
9
Q
Gravitational potential energy calculation
A
- E(p) = Mass x Gravitational field strength x Height
10
Q
When is energy in the gravitational energy store
A
- When an object is lifted off the ground
11
Q
Elastic potential energy calculation
A
- E(e) = 1/2 x Spring Constant x extension^2
12
Q
When can the elastic potential energy calculation not be applied to a stretched object
A
- When the limit of proportionality is exceeded
13
Q
When is energy in the elastic potential energy store
A
- When an object is stretched or squashed
14
Q
Define specific heat capacity
A
- The amount of energy needed to raise 1 Kg of substance by 1 degree
15
Q
Specific heat capacity equation
A
- Change in thermal energy = Mass x Specific heat capacity x Temperature change
16
Q
What is the conservation of energy principle
A
- Energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated but cannot be created or destroyed
17
Q
What is the power calculation
A
- Power = Energy Transferred / Time
- Power = Work Done / Time
18
Q
Define conduction
A
- The process where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighboring particles
19
Q
Why does conduction happen
A
- As the particles within a solid gain temperature, they gain energy
- This causes them to vibrate more and collide with each other
- As the particles collide with each other, the energy from the collision is transferred to the neighboring particles
20
Q
Define thermal conductivity
A
- A measure of how quickly energy is transferred through a material through conduction
21
Q
Define convection
A
- Where energetic particles move away from hotter to cooler regions
22
Q
In what state do conduction and convection mainly occur
A
- Conduction - Solids
- Convection - Liquids and Gasses
23
Q
What happens in convection
A
- Energy transferred by heating is shared across the particles’ kinetic energy store
- Due to the particles within a liquid or gas being able to move, when a region is heated, the heated particles move about more and the space between the particles increase
- This causes the density of the heated area to decrease and since liquids and gasses are able to flow, the less dense area will rise above the denser area
24
Q
What can be used to reduce friction
A
- Lubricants (Liquids used to coat)
25
What can be used to reduce the rate of energy transferred by heating
- Insulation (Materials with a low thermal conductivity)
26
Efficiency calculation
- Efficiency = Useful output energy / Total input energy
- Efficiency = Useful power output / Total power input
27
Non-renewable energy sources
- Coal
- Oil
- Natural Gas
- Nuclear
28
Renewable energy sources (7)
- Solar
- Wind
- Water waves
- Hydro electricity
- Bio-Fuel
- Tides
- Geothermal
29
Advantages and disadvantages of wind power
Advantages
- No pollution
- No permanent damage to the landscape
Disadvantages
- Fill up the landscape
- High initial costs
- Can be quite noisy
30
How do wind turbines work
- Turbines are placed in large open areas such as coasts or moors
- There is a generator inside the turbine that is rotated by the fans being moved by the wind
31
Advantages (1) and disadvantages (3) of solar cells
Advantages
- No pollution
Disadvantages
- High initial costs
- Requires sun
- Can't increase power output with high demand
32
Advantages (3) and disadvantages (2) of geothermal power
Advantages
- Free
- Reliable
- Little damage to the environment
Disadvantages
- Not many suitable locations
- High initial cost compared to the energy it produces
33
Advantages (3) and Disadvantages (2) of Hydro-electric power
Advantages
- No pollution
- can provide an immediate response to an increase in demand
- No fuel costs and minimal running costs
Disadvantages
- High initial costs
- impact on the environment due to flooding a valley
34
Advantages (1) and disadvantages (3) of wave power
Advantages
- No pollution
Disadvantages
- High initial costs
- Unreliable
- Damage to seabed and marine habitats
35
Tidal barrage advantages (4) and disadvantages (2)
Advantages
- Reliable
- No pollution
- No fuel costs
- Minimal running costs
Disadvantages
- High initial costs
- Preventing free access for boats
36
Bio-Fuel advantages (1) and disadvantages (2)
Advantages
- Reliable
Disadvantages
- High costs
- Cannot respond to sudden increases in demand
37
Advantages (3) and disadvantages (2) of fossil fuels
Advantages
- Reliable
- Can respond to changes in demand
- Cheap
Disadvantages
- Finite
- Causes pollution
38
Consequences of fossil fuels (5)
- Burning coal and oil releases sulfur dioxide which causes acid rain
- Coal mining messes up the landscape
- Oil spillages cause serious environmental problems
- Nuclear waste is difficult to dispose of
- Nuclear power has risk of major catastrophe
