(DONE) Lecture 1 - Osteology and Arthrology

Question 1

define: osteology

Answer 1

study of bones

Question 2

define: arthrology

Answer 2

• study of anatomy, function, dysfunction, and treatment of joints

Question 3

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

Answer 3

1. provides a supporting framework for body
2. provides muscle attachment points, creating a lever system that allows body movement
3. protects vital organs (brain, heart, etc)
4. forms blood cells (red, white, and platelets) in red bone marrow
5. mineral storage (calcium and phosphorous)

Question 4

What are the major building blocks of our bones? (4)

Answer 4

• calcium carbonate
• calcium phosphate
• collagen fibers
• water

Question 5

define: collagen

Answer 5

• protein that is the main organic component of connective tissue

Question 6

define: osteocytes

Answer 6

• widely separated cells that compose tissue

Question 7

What surrounds osteocytes? What is their composition (3)?

Answer 7

• matrix
• 25% water
• 25% protein
• 50% mineral salts

Question 8

Why are bones described as dynamic?

Answer 8

• constantly being remodelled in response to mechanic stress or absence of stress

Question 9

where does longitudinal growth of a bone occur?

Answer 9

• epiphyseal plate (layer of cartilage on the ends of bones)

Question 10

Compare the bones of someone physically active to a sedentary individual

Answer 10

• denser and more mineralised

Question 11

what is the purpose of the articular cartilage?

Answer 11

• protects bones from grinding on each other

Question 12

List the 5 different classifications of bones

Answer 12

• long bones
• short bones
• flat bones
• sesamoid bones
• irregular bones

Question 13

describe and give examples: long bones

Answer 13

• longer than wide
• humerus
• metacarpals
• femur
• tibia
• fibular
• phalanges

Question 14

describe and give examples: short bones

Answer 14

• wider than they are long
• carpals
• tarsals

Question 15

describe and give examples: flat bones

Answer 15

• flat and broad surface
• scapula
• sternum
• ilium

Question 16

describe and give examples: sesamoid bones

Answer 16

• small bones that forms in tendon

- patella

Question 17

describe and give examples: irregular bones

Answer 17

• complex bones that don’t fit in any of the other categories
• vertebrae
• sacrum

Question 18

How many bones are in the human body?

Answer 18

206

Question 19

define: axial skeleton

Answer 19

• part of skeleton that consists of bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrae

Question 20

define: appendicular skeleton

Answer 20

• bones that support appendages

Question 21

What are the 2 functions of the vertebral column?

Answer 21

• flexible support for trunk

- spinal cord protection

Question 22

How many vertebrae, distinct bones, and segments are on the vertebral column?

Answer 22

• 33 vertebrae
• 26 distinct bones
• 5 segments

Question 23

Give the names of the 5 different segments of vertebrae and the amount of each.

Answer 23

• cervical vertebrae: 7
• thoracic vertebrae: 12
• lumbar vertebrae: 5
• sacral vertebrae: 5
• coccygeal vertebrae: 4

to help memorize!
- Breakfast at 7am: CEReal! (cervical vertebrae: 7)
- Lunch at 12pm: THai!
(thoracic vertebrae: 12)
- Dinner at 5pm: LUMpy soup and SAlmon!
(lumbar vertebrae: 5; sacral vertebrae: 5)
- Whats for dessert? 4 COokies! (coccygeal vertebrae: 4)

Question 24

How do the vertebrae articulate with one another?

Answer 24

• facets (flat areas) located on the processes of neural arches (synovial joint)
• intervertebral discs between cartilaginous joint

Question 25

What is the function of intervertebral discs? (2)

Answer 25

- Shock absorbers | - Allow slight movement for a flexible and resilient column

Question 26

What is a herniated disc?

Answer 26

- the outer portion of a disc is torn allowing the nucleus to herniate and compress the nerve in the intervertebral foramen

Question 27

List and briefly describe the 3 types of abnormal spine curves

Answer 27

- scoliosis: lateral curvature - kyphosis: hump back - lordosis: sway back

Question 28

List and briefly describe the 3 classifications of joints

Answer 28

- fibrous joint: immovable - cartilaginous joint: slightly moveable - synovial joint: freely moveable

Question 29

give an example of a fibrous joint

Answer 29

- sutures between skull bones

Question 30

give an example of a cartilaginous joint

Answer 30

- pubic symphysis

Question 31

What are the 2 functions of synovial fluid?

Answer 31

- lubricates joints to reduce friction | - supplies nutrients and removes waste products from cartilage cells (cartilage cells have no direct blood cell)

Question 32

What are the 6 types of synovial joints? Give an example of each

Answer 32

- pivot joint: between C1 &C2 vertebrae) - hinge joint: knee, elbow, ankle, - saddle joint: between trapezium carpal bone and 1st metacarpal bone - plane joint: between tarsal bones - condyloid joint: between radius and carpal bones of wrist - ball socket joint: hip

Question 33

define: ligaments

Answer 33

Fibrous connective tissue that connects bones together

Question 34

define: tendons

Answer 34

Fibrous connective tissue that joins muscle to bone

Question 35

define: bursa

Answer 35

Small sac/ cavity with synovial fluid located at friction points (example: between tendons and bones, joints)

Question 36

List and describe the 3 different reference planes

Answer 36

Frontal plane: divides body into anterior and posterior Sagittal plane: divides body into left and right Transverse plane: divides body into superior and inferior portions

Question 37

anatomical position

Answer 37

- common "starting position" given before described movement | - standing straight, arms by side, palms facing forward

Question 38

List the 6 types of joint movement

Answer 38

1. Flexion, extension 2. Abduction, adduction 3. Rotation - inward (medial) rotation; outward (lateral) rotation 4. Supination, pronation 5. Elevation, depression 6. Plantar flexion, dorsiflexion

Question 39

Define a sprain and the 3 different degrees

Answer 39

- overstretching of the ligaments 1st degree: fibers stretched 2nd degree: partial tear 3rd degree: rupture

Question 40

define a dislocation and the impacts of a dislocation

Answer 40

- displacement of a bone | - sprain/torn ligaments, ruptured blood vessels, and compressed nerves

Question 41

define a subluxation

Answer 41

- partial dislocation

Question 42

define bursitis; explain how it may occur (3)

Answer 42

- inflamed bursae | - injury, exercise, or infection

Question 43

define arthritis; explain how it may occur (4)

Answer 43

- joint inflammation | - trauma, bacterial infection, metabolic disorders, or unknown causes

Question 44

What are the structural limits of flexibility (4)?

Answer 44

- bony structure of the joint - ligaments - joint capsules - muscle-tendon unit (muscle and its fascial sheaths)

Question 45

What is the major focus of stretching exercises?

Answer 45

- the elongation of the muscles and fascial sheaths tissues