Doppler Instrumentation Flashcards
What is the change in frequency when there is motion between the source and receiver, or motion of a reflector.
the Doppler Effect
you can hear the doppler effect with a car horn http://www.wfu.edu/physics/demolabs/demos/3/3b/3B40xx.html
What creates the doppler shift in medical sonography?
What is the shift used to do?
blood
identify blood flow
determine direction
measure the velocity
What presentaiton of doppler shift is shown in each of these images?
What other form of doppler shift is there that would not be dislplayed as an image?
from top to bottom
Spectral – DS vs. time
Color Doppler – average Doppler Shift on 2D image
Power Doppler – amplitude of Doppler Shift on 2D image
Audible – Doppler shift frequency as a pitch that you can hear
What type of flow will reflect a higher frequency, + Doppler shift? Where is it in relation to the baseline? What color is it? What is it’s opposite lower frequency - doppler shift?
Flow towards the Td, above the baseline, RED
Flow away from the Td, below the baseline, BLUE
How does Laminar or “normal” blood flow work?
Parallel layers of flow at different velocities
Fastest in middle, slowest on sides
What is Doppler Shift Frequency affected by? (3)
How does laminar flow affect this?
Velocity of reflector (blood)
Transmitted frequency
Angle between source and reflector
Laminar flow causes multiple DS frequencies b/c different velocities of flow
What is Doppler shift Amplitude affected by? (3)
if RBCs are low, what is apmplitude?
Strength of the DS
Reflectors are RBC
Number of RBC moving a given speed will determine the amplitude of DS
Less RBC = lower amplitude DS
This is an eg of DS frequencies processed into a waveform.
what demonstrates frequency, time and amplitude on this waveform?
Y axis DS frequency – Converted to velocity if angle corrected
X axis is time
Amplitude of DS is displayed by waveform brightness
what happen to frequency on a waveform w/ angle correction?
it’s convered to veolocity
What
Identifies all different DS frequencies – Width of spectrum
Displays them as different DS frequencies - Vertical axis
Displays them as different amplitudes - Brightness
?
spectral analyzer
What is a zero crossing detector?
averages all Doppler shifts together into one waveform.
–If sampling artery and vein simultaneously the waveform will be a complex combination of them
What demonstrates + and – DS averaged into one waveform
zero crossing detector
What’s the difference b/t a zero crossing detector and a spectrum analzer?
zerocrossing - inexpensive. physiologic testing equip
spectrum analyzer = expensive duplex US equip
What display shows
directoin, DS frequency, time, amplitude and frequency spectrum?
spectral doppler display
What demonstrates a range of DS frequencies detected due to laminar flow as the “vertical width” of waveform?
What is another name for it?
frequency spectrum
spectral width
below it is demonsrated by the red arrows
What instrumentation is used w/ spectral doppler?
Angle/steering
Direction - Invert
Gain
Baseline
Scale (PRF) - Aliasing, Nyquist limit, HPF
what do you need to remember about angle steering?
you want to achieve more parallel angle to vessel (away from perpendicular)
which hAS A better steer?
Rt image. lt is perpendicular rt is at 45 degrees
Whats the differences b/t the waves of the lt and rt?
the lt are away from the Td and below baseline per usual
the rt are away from the Td but above the baseline b/c they have been inverted
how do you get the best gain?
Turn gain up until there is too much, then turn down just until background noise goes away
what key is used to increase the PRF?
scale key
what acquires Doppler information from a specific depth based on arrive time of the reflections.
What relationship does this have with aliasing?
PW Range Gating
artifact which occurs when the rate of pulsing (pulse repetition frequency, PRF) is not high enough to detect a large Doppler shift.
What is the nyquist limit?
what relationsihp does it have with PRF?
maximum Doppler shift which can be detected w/o aliasing.
Nyquist limit = 1/2 PRF
what can you say about this PRF?
it’s too slow – so it’s aliasing.
the bleow is correct.
what are the baseline and scale keys used for?
to display the waveform as big as possible without aliasing
What will you see if the scale (PRF) is too high?
too low?
what do you need to remember?
no flow (waveform to small) if set too high
aliasing if set too low
Must be set for the range of velocities you’re sampling but want waveform to be as big as possible w/o aliasing.
what happens when DS exceeds nyquist limit?
what can you do to fix this?
aliasing
shift baseline and increase PRF (scale)
What does a high PRF (scale) allow you to do? How?
Can you do this with color doppler?
sample high velocities which would normally cause aliasing.
The PRF is increased to a point which causes range (depth) ambiguity, therefore “ghost gates” appear.
The instrument does not know from what depth reflections are coming.
Not possible with color Doppler.
HPRF
HPRF
if you turn on spectral doppler and get nothing what can you do?
check doppler angle
turn gain up
change scale (1st look for slow flow - must increase if looking at tight stenosis w/ fast flow)