DOSAGE FORMS (LIQUIDS pg 24-53) Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
These are liquid preparations, that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents
A
SOLUTIONS
2
Q
Advantages of solution dosage forms
A
- COMPLETELY HOMOGENOUS DOSES
- IMMEDIATE AVAILABILITY FOR ABSORPTION AND DISTRIBUTION
- PROVIDES A FLEXIBLE DOSAGE FORM
3
Q
Solutions are mixture of mutually _________
A
MISCIBLE SOLVENT
4
Q
Monophasic liquid dosage forms are represent by _____
A
TRUE OR COLLOIDAL SOLUTION
5
Q
The component of the solution which is present in a large quantity is known as the
A
SOLVENT
6
Q
It is the component present in small quantity
A
SOLUTE
7
Q
List the descriptive terms of solubility
A
VERY SOLUBLE <1
FREELY SOLUBLE 1-10
SOLUBLE 10-30
SPARINGLY SOLUBLE 30-100
SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE 100-1000
VERY SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE 1000-10000
PRACTICALLY INSOLUBLE >10000
8
Q
Types of solutions
A
- NON-STERILE SOLUTIONS
- STERILE SOLUTIONS
9
Q
Types of non-sterile solutions
A
- SYRUPS
- ELIXIRS
- SPIRITS OR ESSENCES
- TINCTURES
- FLUIDEXTRACTS
- AROMATIC WATERS
- GARGLES & MOUTHWASH
- TOPICAL SOLUTIONS
- ENEMAS
- DOUCHES
- LINIMENTS
- COLLODIONS
10
Q
Types of sterile solutions
A
- NASAL SOLUTION
- OTIC SOLUTION
- OPTHALMIC SOLUTION
- IRRIGATING SOLUTION
11
Q
These are solutions containing high concentration of sucrose or other sugars
A
SYRUPS
12
Q
Example of syrups
A
- CHERRY SYRUP (47%)
- COCOA SYRUP
- ORANGE SYRUP
- RASPBERRY SYRUP
13
Q
A nearly saturated aqueous solution of sucrose (85% w/v)
A
SYRUP, NATIONAL FORMULARY (SIMPLE SYRUP)
14
Q
They are inherently stable and resistant to the growth or microorganisms when properly prepared and maintained
A
SYRUP, NATIONAL FORMULARY (SIMPLE SYRUP)
15
Q
Methods of preparing syrups
A
- SOLUTION WITH THE AID OF HEAT
- PERCOLATION
- RECONSTITUTION
- ADDITION OF SUCROSE TO MEDICATED OR FLAVORED LIQUID
- SOLUTION BY AGITATION WITHOUT THE AID OF HEAT
16
Q
Importance of syrups
A
- IT RETARDS OXIDATION BECAUSE IT IS PARTLY HYDROLYZED INTO REDUCING SUGAR
- IT PREVENT DECOMPOSITION OF MANY VEGETABLE SUBSTANCE BECAUSE OF ITS HIGH OSMOTIC PRESSURE WHICH PREVENT THE GROWTH OF BACTERIA
- THEY ARE PALATABLE DUE TO SWEET TASTE
17
Q
These are clear, pleasantly flavored sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use
A
ELIXIRS
18
Q
Alcohol content of elixirs
A
5-40%
19
Q
Aromatic elixir, National formulary ____% alc.
A
22%
20
Q
Methods of preparing elixirs
A
- SOLUTION WITH AGITATION
- ADMIXTURE OF 2 OR MORE LIQUID INGREDIENT
21
Q
These are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances
A
SPIRITS OR ESSENCES
22
Q
Uses of spirits or essences
A
- FLAVORING AGENTS
- VEHICLE
23
Q
Storage of spirits or essences
A
TIGHT, LIGHT-RESISTANT CONTAINERS
24
Q
Alcohol content of spirits or essences
A
GENERALLY OVER 60%
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These are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical substances
TINCTURES
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Alcohol content of tinctures
15-80%
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Preparation of tinctures
- MACERATION - PROCESS M
- PERCOLATION - PROCESS P
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Examples of tinctures
- IODINE TINCTURE
- OPIUM TINCTURE
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These are liquid preparations of vegetable drugs containing alcohol as solvent, preservative or both and so made that unless otherwise specified in an individual monograph
FLUIDEXTRACTS
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Fluidextracts: each __ml contains __g of the standard drug
EACH 2 ML CONTAINS 1G OF THE STANDARD DRUG
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Preparation of fluidextracts
PROCESS A, B/D, E
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These are clear, aqueous solution saturated with volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances
AROMATIC WATERS
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Aromatic waters are also known as
MEDICATED WATERS
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Uses of aromatic waters
- FLAVORED VEHICLE FOR WATER SOLUBLE DRUGS
- AQUEOUS PHASE IN SOME EMULSIONS OR SUSPENSIONS
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Storage of aromatic waters
TIGHT, LIGHT-RESISTANT BOTTLES
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Methods of preparing aromatic waters
- SOLUTION OF THE AROMATIC SUBSTANCES WITH OR WITHOUT USE OF DISPERSING AGENT
- DISTILLATION
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These are aqueous solution used for treating the pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air from the lungs through the gargle which is held in the throat
GARGLE
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These are aqueous solutions used for its deodorant, refreshing or antiseptic effect or for control of plaque
MOUTHWASH
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Intended for topical application to the skin or mucous membranes
TOPICAL SOLUTIONS
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Types of topical solutions
- SPRAYS
- ASTRINGENT
- TOPICAL ANTI-INFECTIVE
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Locally applied solutions that constrict pores and precipitate proteins
ASTRINGENT
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Examples of astringent
- ALUMINUM ACETATE
- ALUMINUM SUBACETATE
- CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
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They are used to kill microorganisms when applied to the skin or mucus membranes
TOPICAL ANTI-INFECTIVE
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Examples of topical anti-infective
- POVIDONE-IODINE
- THIMEROSAL
- HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
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These are solid dosage fors intended for insertion into body orifices where they melt, soften, or dissolve and exert local or systemic effects
SUPPOSITORIES
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Criteria for satisfactory suppository base
- SHOULD BE INERT, NONIRRITATING AND NONSENSITIZING
- SHOULD BE FIRM AND SHOULD NOT MELT AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
- SHOULD DISSOLVE RAPIDLY IN THE CAVITY FLUID
47
These are plastic masses containing gelatin, glycerin, water and an added medicinal substance such as zinc oxide
GLYCEROGELATINS
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Percentage of gelatin, glycerin, water, medicinal substance in glycerogelatins
- GELATIN 15%
- GLYCERIN 40%
- WATER 35%
- MEDICINAL SUBSTANCE 10%
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Example of glycerogelatins
ZINC GELATIN BOOT
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Glycerogelatin for varicose ulcer
ZINC GELATIN BOOT
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These are wounds that are thought to occur due to improper functioning of venous valves, usually of the legs
VARICOSE ULCERS
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Are semisolid preparations intended for application to the skin, and generally contain a larger proportion of solid material than ointments and therefor are stiffer
PASTES
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Example of pastes
ZINC OXIDE PASTE/LASSAR'S PLAIN ZINC PASTE
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Are semisolid preparation containing one or more medicinal agents dissolved or dispersed in either a W/O emulsion or an O/W emulsion or in another type of water-washable bases
CREAMS
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Example of creams
VANISHING CREAM
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It is an oil-in-water emulsion containing large percentage of water and stearic acid or other oleaginous component
VANISHING CREAM
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Are semisolid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes
OINTMENTS
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Other names for ointments
- UNGUENTS
- CHRISMA
- OCCULENTUM
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Uses of ointments
- EMOLLIENTS - MAKE THE SKIN MORE PLIABLE
- PROTECTIVE BARRIERS
- VEHICLES - IN WHICH TO INCORPORATE MEDICATION
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Liquid dosage forms containing finely divided drug particles distributed somewhat uniformly throughout a vehicle in which the drug exhibits a minimum degree of solubility
SUSPENSIONS
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Suspensions particles have diameters for the most part ____
GREATER THAN 0.1 CM
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Purpose of suspension
- SUSTAINING EFFECT
- STABILITY
- TASTE
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Is sometimes used for suspension in aqueous vehicles intended for oral
MILK
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Often used to describe suspensions or inorganic acids such as clay in water
MAGMA
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Are semisolid systems consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jelly-like by the addition of a gelling-agent
GELS
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Are generally suspensions of solid materials in an aqueous vehicle
LOTION
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Is a biphasic liquid preparations containing two immiscible liquid
EMULSIONS
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Two immiscible liquids
- CONTINUOUS PHASE
- DISPERSED PHASE
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It is the liquid converted into minute globules
DISPERSED PHASE
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It is the liquid in which the globules are dispersed is called the
CONTINUOUS PHASE
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Other name for dispersed phase
INTERNAL PHASE
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Other name for continuous phase
EXTERNAL PHASE
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Rectal solution employed to evacuate the bowel influence the general system by absorption or to affect locally the site of disease
ENEMA
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Are aqueous solutions directed against a part or into a cavity of te body
DOUCHE
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It functions as a cleansing or antiseptic agents
DOUCHE
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Are frequently dispensed in the form o a powder with the directions for dissolving in a specified quantity of warm water
DOUCHE
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Other name for liniments
EMBROCATIONS
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These are nonaqueous alcoholic or oleaginous solutions of various medicinal substances intended to be rubbed on the skin
LINIMENTS
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Rubefacient, counterirritant or penetrating action
LINIMENT
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Are liquid preparations composed of pyroxylin dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent mixture usually composed of alcohol and ether
COLLODIONS
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AKA soluble gun cotton
PYROXYLIN
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It is produced through the action if nitric acid and sulfuric acid (3:1) on purified cotton
PYROXYLIN
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It is prepared by the addition of castor oil (3%) (for flexibility) and camphor (for water-proofing) (2%) to collodion
FLEXIBLE COLLODION
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- are aqueous solutions designed to be administered to the nasal passages in drops or sprays
- vehicle used is usually water, but a co-solvent system may be used
- may contain preservatives, buffer, antioxidant, surfactant
NASAL SOLUTION
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- are intended for installation into the ear
- vehicle: water or glycerin, or co-solvent
- may contain preservatives, buffer, antioxidants, viscosity agents and surfactants
OTIC SOLUTIONS
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- sterile solutions used to wash or bathe surgical incisions, wounds or body tissues
- should be labeled “Not for Injection” and “For Irrigation Only”
- pH and isotonicity must be considered
IRRIGATING SOLUTION
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- are sterile, pyrogen-free and particle-free solutions, suitably compounded and packaged for instillation into the eye
- contains water, preservatives, buffer, antioxidants, tonicity adjustors, viscosity enhancers
- pH = 7.4 or pH = 6.5 to 8.5
OPTHALMIC SOLUTION
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Injected through the skin or directly into the blood vessel, muscle, organ or tissue.
PARENTERAL SOLUTIONS
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Must conforms with strict requirements for microbiological impurity, particulate matter and
pyrogenicity
PARENTERAL SOLUTIONS
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____ and ____ must be given specially consideration in parenteral solutions
pH AND ISOTONICITY
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Routes of administration
- Intradermal (ID) or Intracutaneous
- Subcutaneous (SC or SQ)
- Intramuscular (IM)
- Intravenous (IV)
- Intra-arterial
- Intral-thecal
- Intra-spinal
- Epidural
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The liquid which consist of two phases are known as a
BIPHASIC LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
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Biphasic liquid dosage forms are sub categorized into two different forms namely as
- EMULSION
- SUSPENSION
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Both phases are available in liquid
EMULSION
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Finely divided solid particles are suspended in liquid medium
SUSPENSION
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Tyoes of emulsion
- OIL-IN-WATER (O/W)
- WATER-IN-OIL (W/O)
- MULTIPLE EMULSIONS
- MICROEMULSIONS
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- Oil is dispersed as droplets in an aqueous medium
- Oral products and external, washable products
OIL-IN-WATER
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- Water is dispersed as droplets in an oil or oleaginous medium
-Used for external preparations when emollient, lubricating, or protective properties are desired
WATER-IN-OIL
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It appear translucent or transparent and have droplet diameter in the nanometer size range
MICROEMULSIONS
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Wet gum method
- (WATER+EMULSIFIER) + OIL (SLOWLY)
- O/W
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Dry gum method
- (OIL+EMULSIFIER) + WATER (RAPIDLY)
- 4:2:1 OIL + WATER +SURFACTANTS
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Bottle method
- O:W:E (3,2,1) (2,1,1)
- FOR VOLATILE OIL
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Nascent soap method
- ALKALI + FA (50:30)
- SOAP FORM AS EMULSIFIER
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