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CRAAB 2 > Downing: Heart Histology > Flashcards

Downing: Heart Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the circulatory system?

A
  1. Cardiovascular system- carries blood between tissues and the heart in both directions
  2. Lymphatic vascular system- collects lymph, the excess extracellular fluid and delivers it back to the CVS
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2
Q

What are the components of the CVS?

A 
Heart
pulmonary circuit (blood to and from lungs)
systemic circuit (blood to body)
arteries
capillaries
veins
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3
Q

What are the three layers of the vessel tunics?

A
  1. Tunica intima (analogous to the endocardium of the heart)
  2. Tunica media (myocardium)
  3. tunica adventitia (epicardium)
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4
Q

How do the three layers of the vessel tunics differ?

A
  1. Tunica intima- simple sqaumous epithelial lining, subendothelial connective tissue layer
  2. media- smooth muscle cells arranged cocentrically around the lumen
  3. adventitia- fibroelastic connective tissue arranged longitudinally
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5
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

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6
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

The inner lining of the heart that is continuous with the tunica intima of the blood vessels entering and leaving the heart.

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7
Q

What are the 4 layers of the endocardium?

A

Just remember that it’s made up of subendothelial connective tissue

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8
Q

Which layer of the endocardium contains the purkinje fibers?

A

subendocardial layer

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9
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

The middle and thickest layer of the heart

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10
Q

Where is the myocardium the thickest?

A

Ventricles

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11
Q

What is the myocardium comprised of?

A

Sheets of cardiac muscle cells that are joined together by intercalated disks forming a contractile network

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12
Q

How is the arrangement of cardiac muscle cells important to the mechanics of the heart.

A

The cardiac muscle cells are arranged in complex spirals around the heart chambers that allow blood to be “wrung” out of the ventricles.

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13
Q

What is endomysium?

A

Fine CT found between adjacent cells that contains capillaries and lymphatics.

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14
Q

Where are the roles of specialized cardiac muscle cells?

A
  1. Some attach myocardium to fibrous skeleton of the heart
  2. specialized for endocrine secretions (atronatrouretic polypeptide put out by atrial cells)
  3. specialized for impulse generation/impulse control (at interface of endo and myo)
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15
Q

What are the two layers of the epicardium?

A

Inner fibrous layer and the outer serous layer (= visceral layer of the pericardium)

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16
Q

What is found in the inner fibrous layer of the epicardium?

A

Loose CT, numerous fat cells, bundlesl of nerve fibers, arteries and veins.

17
Q

What is the outer serous layer composed of?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

18
Q

Where does the visceral layer of the pericardium lie?

A

At the roots of the major vessels entering and leaving the heart, the visceral layer is reflected back to become continuous with the parietal layer of the pericardium.

19
Q

What is formed between the two layers of the pericardium (visceral and parietal) and what does it contain?

A

A sac containing lubricating fluid.

20
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

Infections within the pericardial sac; can restrict proper beating of the heart d/t adhesions between the two layers of the pericardial sac.

21
Q

What type of cells compose the impulse conducting system and what do they do?

A

Modified cardiac muscle cells that coordinate the heart beat.

22
Q

Where is the SA node?

A

In the wall of the SVC adjacent to its junction with the right atrium

23
Q

Does the SA node have it’s own blood supplpy?

A

yes

24
Q

What happens when nodal cells spontaneously depolarize?

A

Starts a wave of depolarization that is conducted via gap junctions across the atria and along internodal atrial pathways that eventually lead the atria to contract.

25
Q

Where does the AV node lie?

A

In the interarterial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus

26
Q

Does the AV node have it’s own artery and autonomic nerve supply?

A

YES

27
Q

What does the AV node do?

A

It delays the impulse from the SA node momentarily than conducts it to the ventricles via the AV bundle of His

28
Q

What is the AV bundle of HIS?

A

A conduction path from the AV node through the fibrous CT separating the atrial and ventricular muscle masses to enter the interventricular septum.

29
Q

What happens to the AV bundle of HIS w/in the interventricular septum?

A

The AV bundle divides into right and left branches, which become typical purkinje fibers halfway down the septum.

30
Q

What are purkinje fibers?

A

Specialized cardiac muscle cells found in the deepest layer of the endocardium. They extend down to the interventricular septum and up the lateral walls of the ventricles.

31
Q

What makes purkinje fibers unique?

A

They have a large diameter, more sarcoplasm, more glycogen and fewer myofibrils

32
Q

What muscles do the purkinje fibers supply?

A

The papillary muscles of the heart.

33
Q

Depolarizaton of the purkinje fibers leads to contraction of what muscles?

A

The papillary muscles and entricular contractions that begin at the apex of the heart and spread up the lateral walls.

34
Q

What is the cardiac skeleton?

A

It’s essentially four valve rings joined together, that is made up of a tough, dense, CT base on which the cardiac muscle and valves insert

35
Q

What are attached to the superior surface of the fibrous skeleton?

A

Atria and arterial trunks

36
Q

What is attached to the interior aspect of the cardiac skeleton?

A

Ventricles and atrioventricular valve leaflets

37
Q

What forms the valves?

A
  1. Endocardium covered by endothelium

2. Core of dense fibro-elastic connective tissue

CRAAB 2 (9 decks)

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