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Molecular Biology 1 > Dr Boswell's lectures 1 > Flashcards

Dr Boswell's lectures 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two possibilities for animal development?

A

Preformation theory

Epigenesis

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2
Q

Who came up with the cell theory?

A

Schleiden and Schwann

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3
Q

Who came up with the germ line concept?

A

Weismann

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4
Q

What processes are needed for cell development?

A 
Cell division
Pattern formation
Morphogenesis
Differentiation
Growth
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5
Q

What are 5 key cell activities?

A 
cell-cell communication
cell shape movement
cell movement 
proliferation
death
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6
Q

What is the A/P axis

A

Anterior/posterior (head/tail)

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7
Q

What is the D/V axis?

A

Dorsal/ventral (back/front)

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8
Q

What is the P/D axis?

A

Proximal/distal (near/far)

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9
Q

What is pattern formation?

A

Cells become organised in time/space and acquire an identity about what they will become

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10
Q

What does the endoderm become?

A

gut, liver, lungs

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11
Q

What does the mesoderm become?

A

skeleton, muscle, kidney, heart, blood

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12
Q

What does the ectoderm become?

A

skin, nervous system

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13
Q

What determines mosaic development? Is it influenced by the environment?

A

depends on specific determinants in develoment that are distributed unequally to daughter cells, environment cannot influence it

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14
Q

What determines regulative development?

A

depends on interactions between between ‘parts’ of the developing embryo by cell-cel communication, can be influenced by environment

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15
Q

Who did experiments on mosaic development and what with?

A

Roux, destroyed one cell of a two-cell frog embryo

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16
Q

what kind of development do sea urchin’s show?

A

Regulative

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17
Q

What is cleavage?

A

rapid cell division after fertilisation without growth

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18
Q

What are the two egg axes?

A

yolky - ANIMAL pole

non-yolky - vegetal pole

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19
Q

Who observed yellow cytoplasm in the tunicate egg?

A

Conklin

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20
Q

What are the key patterns of cleavage?

A

Spiral (Protostomes)
Radial (Deuterostomes)
Superficial

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21
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

formation of the main gut and body plan

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22
Q

In larvae, what do animal half embryos normally form?

A

larvae with no gut

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23
Q

What can micromeres do to the cells above them?

A

change their fate

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24
Q

What do lithium ions do to larvae?

A

vegetalised larvae

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25
Whats do zinc ions do to larvae?
animalised larvae
26
Who developed the french flag model?
Lewis Wolpert
27
What is Beta-catenin and what does it do?
a TF derived from maternal RNA | specifies micromeres
28
What environmental signals can change cell fate?
morphogens such as beta-catenin
29
What are GRNs
Gene Regulatory Network components - they are regulatory genes
30
What are kernals?
GRNs for a given developmental function
31
What is oogenesis?
egg formation
32
what is spermatogenesis?
sperm formation
33
what are some features of an oocyte?
storage molecules 'yolk' containing vitellin | mitochondria, ribosomes, storage RNA
34
What are the categories of oogenesis?
Solitary Follicular Nutrimentary
35
What are the two synthetic pathways for the stored yolk in the cytoplasm?
Autosynthetic oogenesis | Heterosynthetic oogenesis
36
What are the properties of oocytes in follicular oogenesis?
oocyte associated with a covering of somatic cells
37
Where is follicular oogenesis found?
Ascidiella aspersa - a tunicate
38
What type of ovaries do locusts have?
panoistic
39
In the drosophila fruit fly, what is the type of oogenesis?
nutrimentary oogenesis
40
What is autosynthesis, where can it b observed and how
the synthesis of yolk and other stored materials by the oocyte itself, can be labelled with radioactive tritium and is often seen in polychaetes
41
What is heterosynthesis, what is the evidence for it?
synthesis of yolk proteins by other, non-germ cells, characterised by uptake of vitellin evidence from electron microscopy
42
What did Nusslein-volhard and Weischaus do?
treated flies with chemical mutagen classified thousands of drosophila mutants determined maternal effect genes
43
Maternal effect genes did what to drosophila body segments?
some segments did not develop
44
what does bicoid mRNA do?
forms a concentration gradient in Bicoid protein
45
Which part of the drosophila larvae does the bicoid mRNA affect?
It specifies the anterior part of the anterior-posterior axis
46
Where is the nanos mRNA found?
the posterior
47
what does nanos suppress translation of?
maternal hunchback mRNA in posterior
48
what does Bicoid promote?
production of embryo's hunchback protein in anterior
49
How do maternal RNAs become distributed?****
gurken mRNA (mother) translated in posterior binds to Torpedo receptor in cells posterior follicle cells rearrange microtubule in cytoskeleton maternal mRNA in nurse cells transported to locations posterior localisation of maternal oskar RNA needed for nanos mRNA in posterior
50
What are gap genes?
First zygotic genes to be expressed along AP axis, code for transcription factors, often cause deletions hunchback is a gap gene
51
What do gap genes do?
interact to define boundaries of expression of other genes
52
What are pair-rule and segmentation genes?
define segmentation, pair rule genes are expressed in alternate segments
53
name two pair rule genes
even-skipped and fushi tarazu
54
how can you see eve and ftz?
antibody staining
55
What are segment polarity genes? name one and say what it does and where it is found
Engrailed, helps define parasegment boundaries, found in anterior region of parasegment
56
What is an imaginal disc?
pad of undifferentiated cells in larva, each disc has its own fate map
57
what is transdetermination?
imaginal disc producing a part it should does not usually produce
58
What is homeosis?
transformation of one body part onto another
59
what are homeotic mutants?
homeotic genes that alter appearance of a segment
60
How were Hox genes discovered?
homeotic mutations mapped by Ed Lewis
61
What are the two Hox gene clusters?
Antennapedia | Bithorax
62
What is the homeobox
a region of DNA in homeotic genes that codes for the homeodomain
63
What is a homeotic gene/homeotic selector gene
a gene which defines a region or position of the embryo (eg. a segment)
64
What is a Hox gene
a family of homeobox-containing genes that are part of a homeotic gene complex
65
What forms P/D axis of drosophila?
Distal-less (DII)
66
What is DII inhibited by?
Abd-a/Ubx in abdomen
67
What is neurulation
inwardly migrating cells form roof of archenteron, these cells form dorsal mesoderm
68
Cells that overlie mesoderm cells form what?
neurectoderm
69
How do these cells form a neural tube?
neural plate > neural groove > neural tube
70
What did Spemann term the process of the underlying mesoderm and its role?
primary embryonic induction
71
What happens if the grey crescent is not present?
no dorsal structures develop
72
Define 'determination'
a stable change in the internal state of a cell such that its fate is then fixed
73
define 'induction'
one group of cells signals to another group of cells in the embryo and so influences how they will develop
74
define 'primary embryonic induction'
the induction of a whole body axis
75
How does the Spemann organiser form?
Beta-catenin gradient, synthesised throughout embryo Dishevelled in vegetal pole After fertilisation, dishevelled transported by microtubules along corticol cytoplasm to future dorsal region GSK-3 blocked by Dsh in grey crescent
76
What does BMP4 do?
inhibits cells from forming neural tissues, promotes formation of ventral structures
77
What 3 axes does the pentadactyl vertebrate limb have?
P/D A/P D/V
78
What forms limb buds?
mesenchyme cells that form under ectoderm
79
What happens if AER is removed?
limb ceases to grow outward
80
Where do Hox proteins act?
in body segments to determine limb bud identity
81
where is the signalling centre located and what is it called?
posterior region of limb bud, zone of polarizing activity
82
What is signal for apoptosis provided by?
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)
83
What is syndactyly?
webbed-fingers

Molecular Biology 1 (3 decks)

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